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Offline reinforcement learning (RL) holds great promise for deriving optimal policies from observational data, but challenges related to interpretability and evaluation limit its practical use in safety-critical domains. Interpretability is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Anton Matsson , Yaochen Rao , Heather J. Litman , Fredrik D. Johansson

Self-supervised representation learning has achieved remarkable success in recent years. By subverting the need for supervised labels, such approaches are able to utilize the numerous unlabeled images that exist on the Internet and in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Yilun Du , Chuang Gan , Phillip Isola

Understanding the function of individual neurons within language models is essential for mechanistic interpretability research. We propose $\textbf{Neuron to Graph (N2G)}$, a tool which takes a neuron and its dataset examples, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Alex Foote , Neel Nanda , Esben Kran , Ionnis Konstas , Fazl Barez

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is well-suited for runtime decision-making in optimizing the performance of systems where multiple agents coexist and compete for shared resources. However, applying common deep learning-based MARL…

Reinforcement learning has traditionally focused on a singular objective: learning policies that select actions to maximize reward. We challenge this paradigm by asking: what if we explicitly architected RL systems as inference engines that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Mehrdad Zakershahrak

Partial differential equations (PDEs) are ubiquitous in the world around us, modelling phenomena from heat and sound to quantum systems. Recent advances in deep learning have resulted in the development of powerful neural solvers; however,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Yolanne Yi Ran Lee

Rule-based decision models are attractive due to their interpretability. However, existing rule induction methods often result in long and consequently less interpretable rule models. This problem can often be attributed to the lack of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-07-29 Remy Kusters , Yusik Kim , Marine Collery , Christian de Sainte Marie , Shubham Gupta

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents are often designed specifically for a particular problem and they generally have uninterpretable working processes. Statistical methods-based agent algorithms can be improved in terms of generalizability…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Faruk Kucuksubasi , Elif Surer

The trade-off between expressiveness and interpretability remains a core challenge when building human-centric predictive models for classification and decision-making. While symbolic rules offer interpretability, they often lack…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Ruochen Wang , Si Si , Felix Yu , Dorothea Wiesmann , Cho-Jui Hsieh , Inderjit Dhillon

We present an interpretability framework for unsupervised reinforcement learning (URL) agents, aimed at understanding how intrinsic motivation shapes attention, behavior, and representation learning. We analyze five agents DQN, RND, ICM,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Shashwat Pandey

Intelligent agents must reason over both continuous dynamics and discrete representations to generate effective plans in complex environments. Previous studies have shown that symbolic abstractions can emerge from neural effect predictors…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Fatih Dogangun , Burcu Kilic , Serdar Bahar , Emre Ugur

The large and still increasing popularity of deep learning clashes with a major limit of neural network architectures, that consists in their lack of capability in providing human-understandable motivations of their decisions. In situations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Gabriele Ciravegna , Pietro Barbiero , Francesco Giannini , Marco Gori , Pietro Lió , Marco Maggini , Stefano Melacci

As neural networks have dominated the state-of-the-art results in a wide range of NLP tasks, it attracts considerable attention to improve the performance of neural models by integrating symbolic knowledge. Different from existing works,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-15 Shen Li , Hengru Xu , Zhengdong Lu

Explaining recommendations enables users to understand whether recommended items are relevant to their needs and has been shown to increase their trust in the system. More generally, if designing explainable machine learning models is key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-27 Darius Afchar , Romain Hennequin

Although deep reinforcement learning has become a promising machine learning approach for sequential decision-making problems, it is still not mature enough for high-stake domains such as autonomous driving or medical applications. In such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Claire Glanois , Paul Weng , Matthieu Zimmer , Dong Li , Tianpei Yang , Jianye Hao , Wulong Liu

Recent advances in machine learning have led to a surge in adoption of neural networks for various tasks, but lack of interpretability remains an issue for many others in which an understanding of the features influencing the prediction is…

Deep neural policies have recently been installed in a diverse range of settings, from biotechnology to automated financial systems. However, the utilization of deep neural networks to approximate the value function leads to concerns on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Ezgi Korkmaz

Neural networks are widely regarded as black-box models, creating significant challenges in understanding their inner workings, especially in natural language processing (NLP) applications. To address this opacity, model explanation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Melkamu Mersha , Mingiziem Bitewa , Tsion Abay , Jugal Kalita

Neural-Symbolic (NeSy) Artificial Intelligence has emerged as a promising approach for combining the learning capabilities of neural networks with the interpretable reasoning of symbolic systems. However, existing NeSy frameworks typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Marios Thoma , Vassilis Vassiliades , Loizos Michael

Most deep learning recommendation models operate as black boxes, relying on latent representations that obscure their decision process. This lack of intrinsic interpretability raises concerns in applications that require transparency and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Jinhao Pan , Bowen Wei , Ziwei Zhu