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This paper introduces a Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (MA-DRL) approach for routing in Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations (LSatCs). Each satellite is an independent decision-making agent with a partial knowledge of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Federico Lozano-Cuadra , Beatriz Soret

In this paper, we consider traffic offloading of integrated low earth orbit (LEO) satellite-terrestrial network. We first derive traffic offloading probability from the terrestrial network to the LEO satellite network based on the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Hossein Akhlaghpasand , Vahid Shah-Mansouri

Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite internet of things (IoT) is a promising way achieving global Internet of Everything, and thus has been widely recognized as an important component of sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. Yet, due to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Ming Ying , Xiaoming Chen , Qiao Qi , Wolfgang Gerstacker

As a key complement to terrestrial networks and a fundamental component of future 6G systems, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are expected to provide high-quality communication services when integrated with ground-based…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Zixuan Song , Zhishu Shen , Xiaoyu Zheng , Qiushi Zheng , Zheng Lei , Jiong Jin

In satellite constellation-based communication systems, continuous user coverage requires frequent handoffs due to the dynamic topology induced by the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. Each handoff between a satellite and ground users…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Yassine Afif , Mohammed Almekhlafi , Antoine Lesage-Landry , Gunes Karabulut Kurt

Effective routing in satellite mega-constellations has become crucial to facilitate the handling of increasing traffic loads, more complex network architectures, as well as the integration into 6G networks. To enhance adaptability as well…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Manuel M. H. Roth , Anupama Hegde , Thomas Delamotte , Andreas Knopp

Sending massive Earth observation data produced by low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites back to the ground for processing consumes a large amount of on-orbit bandwidth and exacerbates the space-to-ground link bottleneck. Most prior work has…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Jiangtao Luo , Bingbing Xu , Shaohua Xia , Yongyi Ran

Low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite communication networks have evolved into mega-constellations with hundreds to thousands of satellites inter-connecting with inter-satellite links (ISLs). Network planning, which plans for network resources…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Sheng Cen , Qiying Pan , Yifei Zhu , Bo Li

The rise in low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite Internet services has led to increasing demand, often exceeding available data rates and compromising the quality of service. While deploying more satellites offers a short-term fix, designing…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Olivier Bélanger , Jean-Luc Lupien , Olfa Ben Yahia , Stéphane Martel , Antoine Lesage-Landry , Gunes Karabulut Kurt

Reaching all regions of Earth, low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites can harvest delay-tolerant data from remotely located users on Earth without ground infrastructure. This work aims to assess a data harvest network architecture where users…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Chang-Sik Choi

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks, characterized by their high data throughput and low latency, have gained significant interest from both industry and academia. Routing data efficiently within these networks is essential for…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Yi Ching Chou , Long Chen , Hengzhi Wang , Feng Wang , Hao Fang , Haoyuan Zhao , Miao Zhang , Xiaoyi Fan , Jiangchuan Liu

As Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations rapidly expand to hundreds and thousands of spacecraft, the need for distributed on-board machine learning becomes critical to address downlink bandwidth limitations. Federated learning (FL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Grace Kim , Filip Svoboda , Nicholas Lane

Low earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellations, integrating government space systems and commercial practices, have emerged as enabling technologies for the sixth generation (6G) networks due to their good merits of global coverage and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Lin Shih-Chun , Lin Chia-Hung , Chu Liang C. , Lien Shao-Yu

This paper addresses the critical problem of co-optimizing the optimal locations for orbital depots and the sequence of in-space servicing for a satellite constellation. While most traditional studies used network optimization for this…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-08-27 Euihyeon Choi , Koki Ho

Google's congestion control (GCC) has become a cornerstone for real-time video and audio communication, yet its performance remains fragile in emerging Low Earth Orbit (LEO) networks. In this paper, we study the behavior of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Aashish Gottipati , Lili Qiu

Software-defined networking (SDN) based low earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks leverage the SDN's benefits of the separation of data plane and control plane, control plane programmability, and centralized control to alleviate the problem…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Zhiyun Jiang , Wei Li , Menglong Yang

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks with mega constellations have the potential to provide 5G and beyond services ubiquitously. However, these networks may introduce mutual interference to both satellite and terrestrial networks,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-23 Daeun Kim , Jeonghun Park , Jinseok Choi , Namyoon Lee

With the rapid development of sixth-generation (6G) communication technology, global communication networks are moving towards the goal of comprehensive and seamless coverage. In particular, low earth orbit (LEO) satellites have become a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-08 Wenjun Lan , Kongyang Chen , Jiannong Cao , Yikai Li , Ning Li , Qi Chen , Yuvraj Sahni

Federated learning (FL) has recently emerged as a distributed machine learning paradigm for systems with limited and intermittent connectivity. This paper presents the new context brought to FL by satellite constellations, where the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Bho Matthiesen , Nasrin Razmi , Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Armin Dekorsy , Petar Popovski

The Internet is going through a massive infrastructural revolution with the advent of low-flying satellite networks, 5/6G, WiFi7, and hollow-core fiber deployments. While these networks could unleash enhanced connectivity and new…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Shubham Tiwari , Saksham Bhushan , Aryan Taneja , Mohamed Kassem , Cheng Luo , Cong Zhou , Zhiyuan He , Aravindh Raman , Nishanth Sastry , Lili Qiu , Debopam Bhattacherjee