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WhatsApp is the largest social media platform in the Global South and is a virulent force in global misinformation and political propaganda. Due to end-to-end encryption WhatsApp can barely review any content and mostly rely on volunteer…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Farhana Shahid , Dhruv Agarwal , Aditya Vashistha

WhatsApp, with 3.5 billion active accounts as of early 2025, is the world's largest instant messaging platform. Given its massive user base, WhatsApp plays a critical role in global communication. To initiate conversations, users must first…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Gabriel K. Gegenhuber , Philipp É. Frenzel , Maximilian Günther , Johanna Ullrich , Aljosha Judmayer

WhatsApp is a popular messaging app used by over a billion users around the globe. Due to this popularity, understanding misbehavior on WhatsApp is an important issue. The sending of unwanted junk messages by unknown contacts via WhatsApp…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Pushkal Agarwal , Aravindh Raman , Damilola Ibosiola , Gareth Tyson , Nishanth Sastry , Kiran Garimella

Recent years have seen a strong uptick in both the prevalence and real-world consequences of false information spread through online platforms. At the same time, encrypted messaging systems such as WhatsApp, Signal, and Telegram, are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Linsheng Liu , Daniel S. Roche , Austin Theriault , Arkady Yerukhimovich

WhatsApp, the world's largest messaging application, uses a version of the Signal protocol to provide end-to-end encryption (E2EE) with strong security guarantees, including Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS). To ensure PFS right from the start…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Gabriel K. Gegenhuber , Philipp É. Frenzel , Maximilian Günther , Aljosha Judmayer

Users often wish to participate in online groups anonymously, but misbehaving users may abuse this anonymity to spam or disrupt the group. Messaging protocols such as Mix-nets and DC-nets leave online groups vulnerable to denial-of-service…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2010-04-20 Henry Corrigan-Gibbs , Bryan Ford

Popular instant messaging applications such as WhatsApp and Signal provide end-to-end encryption for billions of users. They rely on a centralized, application-specific server to distribute public keys and relay encrypted messages between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Tarun Kumar Yadav , Devashish Gosain , Amir Herzberg , Daniel Zappala , Kent Seamons

Online social networks are used frequently by many people: Staying in contact with friends and sharing experiences with them is very important. However, users are increasingly concerned that their data will end up in the hands of strangers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-09 Fabian Schillinger , Christian Schindelhauer

WhatsApp groups have become a hotbed for the propagation of harmful content including misinformation, hate speech, polarizing content, and rumors, especially in Global South countries. Given the platform's end-to-end encryption, moderation…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Dhruv Agarwal , Farhana Shahid , Aditya Vashistha

Like most modern software, secure messaging apps rely on third-party components to implement important app functionality. Although this practice reduces engineering costs, it also introduces the risk of inadvertent privacy breaches due to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Nikita Samarin , Alex Sanchez , Trinity Chung , Akshay Dan Bhavish Juleemun , Conor Gilsenan , Nick Merrill , Joel Reardon , Serge Egelman

Many proximity-based mobile social networks are developed to facilitate connections between any two people, or to help a user to find people with matched profile within a certain distance. A challenging task in these applications is to…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2012-08-01 Lan Zhang , Xiang-Yang Li

The growing demand for connecting with each other across the world has proved to be a boon to the growth of social media platforms. But when it comes to ensuring the privacy and security of the platform, the control is in hands of few…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-07-07 Debajyoti Halder , Saksham Bhushan , Gundu Shreya , Prashant Kumar

WhatsApp is one of the most widely used messaging platforms globally, with billions of users sharing information in private groups. Yet, it offers little infrastructure to support moderation and group governance. In the absence of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Gauri Nayak , Farhana Shahid , Kiran Garimella , Aditya Vashistha

Security is one of the major concerns of modern communication systems. Users demand a secure communication environment that provides privacy to the people while they are sharing messages to anyone. Privacy is a prime concern nowadays. This…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-03-07 Akm. B. Haque , Md. A. Bari , S. S. Arman , FT. Progga

In this paper, we assess existing technical proposals for content moderation in End-to-End Encryption (E2EE) services. First, we explain the various tools in the content moderation toolbox, how they are used, and the different phases of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Seny Kamara , Mallory Knodel , Emma Llansó , Greg Nojeim , Lucy Qin , Dhanaraj Thakur , Caitlin Vogus

Many widely used Internet messaging and calling apps, such as WhatsApp, Viber, Telegram, and Signal, have deployed an end-to-end encryption functionality. To defeat potential MITM attackers against the key exchange protocol, the approach…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-07-18 Maliheh Shirvanian , Nitesh Saxena , Jesvin James George

This paper aims to survey various techniques utilized for content moderation in end-to-end encryption systems. We assess the challenging aspect of content moderation: maintaining a safe platform while assuring user privacy. We study the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Chaitanya Rahalkar , Anushka Virgaonkar

Encryption is crucial for securing sensitive data during transmission over networks. Various encryption techniques exist, such as AES, DES, and RC4, with AES being the most renowned algorithm. We proposed methodology that enables users to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Wasim Abbas , Salaki Reynaldo Joshua , Asim Abbas , Je-Hoon Lee

Instant messaging platforms such as Telegram became one of the main means of communication used by people all over the world. Most of them are home of several groups and channels that connect thousands of people focused on political topics.…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Manoel Júnior , Philipe Melo , Daniel Kansaon , Vitor Mafra , Kaio Sá , Fabrício Benevenuto

Worldwide, a large number of people interact with each other by means of online chatting. There has been a significant rise in the number of platforms, both social and professional, such as WhatsApp, Facebook,and Twitter, which allow people…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-12-29 Shubhankar Gupta , Nitin