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A foundation of quantum mechanics based on the concepts of focusing and symmetry is proposed. Focusing is connected to c-variables - inaccessible conceptually derived variables; several examples of such variables are given. The focus is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-30 Inge S. Helland

This paper explores the historical development of the theory of quantum mechanics between 1900 and 1927 by chronological examination of the foundational papers and ideas. Beginning with Planck's introduction of energy quantisation in…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2025-08-15 Eren Volkan Küçük

Max Born's statistical interpretation made probabilities play a major role in quantum theory. Here we show that these quantum probabilities and the classical probabilities have very different origins. While the latter always result from an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-27 Gerd Niestegge

Five physical assumptions are proposed that together entail the general qualitative results, including the Born rule, of non-relativistic quantum mechanics by physical and information-theoretic reasoning alone. Two of these assumptions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-02-04 Chris Fields

Planck's introduction of the quantum of action in 1900 was followed by 25 years of trial and error in quest of the understanding of the quantum world; different ideas and directions had to be pursued until the path leading to the elementary…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2016-11-29 Herbert Capellmann

In June 1925 Heisenberg arrived at Helgoland/Heligoland island to escape a fit of hay fever. He returned with a sketch of a strange theory of the micro-world, which we now call quantum mechanics. This essay attempts to present a look at…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-03 Marek Żukowski , Marcin Markiewicz

Similarities between the non-deterministic nature of quantum theory and the unpredictable patterns of human cognition and decision making have been observed and commented on many times since the invention of Quantum Mechanics in the first…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-09-08 Peter G. Solazzo

The ideas and results that are in the background of the 2022 Nobel Prize in physics had an immense impact on our understanding of reality. Therefore, it is crucial that these implications reach also the general public, not only the…

General Physics · Physics 2023-11-23 Igor Salom

This article provides a gentle introduction for a general mathematical audience to the factorization theory of motion polynomials and its application in mechanism science. This theory connects in a rather unexpected way a seemingly abstract…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2015-07-21 Gábor Hegedüs , Zijia Li , Josef Schicho , Hans-Peter Schröcker

In this article, we discard the bra-ket notation and its correlative definitions, given by Paul Dirac. The quantum states are only described by the wave functions. The fundamental concepts and definitions in quantum mechanics is simplified.…

General Physics · Physics 2020-04-27 Yongqin Wang , Lifeng Kang

We propose that the Schrodinger equation results from applying the classical wave equation to describe the physical system in which subatomic particles play random motion, thereby leading to quantum mechanics. The physical reality described…

General Physics · Physics 2022-04-18 Xue-Shu Zhao , Yu-Ru Ge , Xin Zhao , Hong Zhao

Matrix mechanics is developed to describe the bound state spectra in few- and many-electron atoms, ions and molecules. Our method is based on the matrix factorization of many-electron (or many-particle) Coulomb Hamiltonians which are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-04 Alexei M Frolov

Even if Einstein brought major contributions as a founder of quantum mechanics, he remained deeply unsatisfied with the bases of this structure he knew to be so efficient for physics. His critics are often known through his numerous…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 P. Roussel

In this article, we discard the bra-ket notation and its correlative definitions, given by Paul Dirac. The quantum states are only described by the wave functions. The fundamental concepts and definitions in quantum mechanics is simplified.…

General Physics · Physics 2020-04-21 Yongqin Wang , Lifeng Kang

With the advent of quantum mechanics by Heisenberg in 1925 exactly a century ago, the quantization of the electromagnetic field became an important goal for our founding fathers, whom we are here to celebrate. It was realized very soon that…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2025-09-08 Tuck Choy , Miguel Ortuno

We study Matrix Quantum Mechanics on the Euclidean time orbifold $S_1/\mathbb{Z}_2$. Upon Wick rotation to Lorentzian time and taking the double-scaling limit this theory provides a toy model for a big-bang/big crunch universe in two…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-03-17 Panagiotis Betzios , Umut Gürsoy , Olga Papadoulaki

A non-relativistic quantum mechanical theory is proposed that describes the universe as a continuum of worlds whose mutual interference gives rise to quantum phenomena. A logical framework is introduced to properly deal with propositions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-08-18 Kim Joris Boström

This volume covers one of the most thrilling two-year periods in twentieth-century physics, as matrix mechanics - developed chiefly by W. Heisenberg, M. Born, and P. Jordan - and wave mechanics - developed by E. Schr\"odinger - supplanted…

Heisenberg's matrix formulation of quantum mechanics can be generalized to relativistic systems by evolving in light-front time tau = t+z/c. The spectrum and wavefunctions of bound states, such as hadrons in quantum chromodynamics, can be…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-26 Stanley J. Brodsky

Quantum mechanics can be formulated in three ways, as Heisenberg, Schr\"odinger and Feynman did respectively. For the last way, an unknown (i.e. forgotten) forerunner exists, that we have found in a paper by Gregor Wentzel, published before…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2011-07-19 S. Antoci , D. -E. Liebscher