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We investigate a new setting for foreign language learning, where learners infer the meaning of unfamiliar words in a multimodal context of a sentence describing a paired image. We conduct studies with human participants using different…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Yufei Wang , Adriana Kovashka , Loretta Fernández , Marc N. Coutanche , Seth Wiener

Many questions that we ask about the world do not have a single clear answer, yet typical human annotation set-ups in machine learning assume there must be a single ground truth label for all examples in every task. The divergence between…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Alicia Parrish , Sarah Laszlo , Lora Aroyo

Temporary syntactic ambiguities arise when the beginning of a sentence is compatible with multiple syntactic analyses. We inspect to which extent neural language models (LMs) exhibit uncertainty over such analyses when processing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Laura Aina , Tal Linzen

We introduce a method to measure uncertainty in large language models. For tasks like question answering, it is essential to know when we can trust the natural language outputs of foundation models. We show that measuring uncertainty in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Lorenz Kuhn , Yarin Gal , Sebastian Farquhar

Specifications for code writing tasks are usually expressed in natural language and may be ambiguous. Programmers must therefore develop the ability to recognize ambiguities in task specifications and resolve them by asking clarifying…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Aditey Nandan , Viraj Kumar

On the one hand, classical terminological knowledge representation excludes the possibility of handling uncertain concept descriptions involving, e.g., "usually true" concept properties, generalized quantifiers, or exceptions. On the other…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-28 Jochen Heinsohn

Lexical ambiguity is a challenging and pervasive problem in machine translation (\mt). We introduce a simple and scalable approach to resolve translation ambiguity by incorporating a small amount of extra-sentential context in neural \mt.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Elijah Rippeth , Marine Carpuat , Kevin Duh , Matt Post

Lexical ambiguity can impede NLP systems from accurate understanding of semantics. Despite its potential benefits, the integration of sense-level information into NLP systems has remained understudied. By incorporating a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-19 Mohammad Taher Pilehvar , Jose Camacho-Collados , Roberto Navigli , Nigel Collier

One of the major challenges of machine translation (MT) is ambiguity, which can in some cases be resolved by accompanying context such as images. However, recent work in multimodal MT (MMT) has shown that obtaining improvements from images…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Matthieu Futeral , Cordelia Schmid , Ivan Laptev , Benoît Sagot , Rachel Bawden

Contemporary knowledge-based systems increasingly rely on multilingual emotion identification to support intelligent decision-making, yet they face major challenges due to emotional ambiguity and incomplete supervision. Emotion recognition…

Ambiguity is ubiquitous in natural language. Resolving ambiguous meanings is especially important in information retrieval tasks. While word embeddings carry semantic information, they fail to handle ambiguity well. Transformer models have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Matthias Thurnbauer , Johannes Reisinger , Christoph Goller , Andreas Fischer

Human communication often relies on visual cues to resolve ambiguity. While humans can intuitively integrate these cues, AI systems often find it challenging to engage in sophisticated multimodal reasoning. We introduce VAGUE, a benchmark…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Heejeong Nam , Jinwoo Ahn , Keummin Ka , Jiwan Chung , Youngjae Yu

Generative AI systems have revolutionized human interaction by enabling natural language-based coding and problem solving. However, the inherent ambiguity of natural language often leads to imprecise instructions, forcing users to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Fabrizio Marozzo

The issue of word sense ambiguity poses a significant challenge in natural language processing due to the scarcity of annotated data to feed machine learning models to face the challenge. Therefore, unsupervised word sense disambiguation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Jorge Martinez-Gil

Zero-shot text classification remains a difficult task in domains with evolving knowledge and ambiguous category boundaries, such as ticketing systems. Large language models (LLMs) often struggle to generalize in these scenarios due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Amrit Rajeev , Udayaadithya Avadhanam , Harshula Tulapurkar , SaiBarath Sundar

Learning from one or few visual examples is one of the key capabilities of humans since early infancy, but is still a significant challenge for modern AI systems. While considerable progress has been achieved in few-shot learning from a few…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-23 Eli Schwartz , Leonid Karlinsky , Rogerio Feris , Raja Giryes , Alex M. Bronstein

Formal languages are essential for computer programming and are constructed to be easily processed by computers. In contrast, natural languages are much more challenging and instigated the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP). One…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Daphne Wang

Despite their success in a variety of NLP tasks, pre-trained language models, due to their heavy reliance on compositionality, fail in effectively capturing the meanings of multiword expressions (MWEs), especially idioms. Therefore,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Harish Tayyar Madabushi , Edward Gow-Smith , Carolina Scarton , Aline Villavicencio

Count-based distributional semantic models suffer from sparsity due to unobserved but plausible co-occurrences in any text collection. This problem is amplified for models like Anchored Packed Trees (APTs), that take the grammatical type of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-04-25 Thomas Kober , Julie Weeds , Jeremy Reffin , David Weir

A lively ongoing debate is taking place, since the extraordinary emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) with regards to their capability to understand the world and capture the meaning of the dialogues in which they are involved.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Daniel N. Nissani