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In offline reinforcement learning (RL), we learn policies from fixed datasets without environment interaction. The major challenges are to provide guarantees on the (1) performance and (2) safety of the resulting policy. A technique called…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Maris F. L. Galesloot , Thomas Rhemrev , Nils Jansen

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) techniques have become increasingly used in various fields for decision-making processes. However, a challenge that often arises is the trade-off between both the computational efficiency of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Anthony Kobanda , Valliappan C. A. , Joshua Romoff , Ludovic Denoyer

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) refers to the problem of learning policies entirely from a large batch of previously collected data. This problem setting offers the promise of utilizing such datasets to acquire policies without any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Tianhe Yu , Garrett Thomas , Lantao Yu , Stefano Ermon , James Zou , Sergey Levine , Chelsea Finn , Tengyu Ma

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) enables data-efficient and safe policy learning without online exploration, but its performance often degrades under distribution shift. The learned policy may visit out-of-distribution state-action pairs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Hongqiang Lin , Zhenghui Fu , Weihao Tang , Pengfei Wang , Yiding Sun , Qixian Huang , Dongxu Zhang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved remarkable success in real-world decision-making across diverse domains, including gaming, robotics, online advertising, public health, and natural language processing. Despite these advances, a…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-23 Asim H. Gazi , Yongyi Guo , Daiqi Gao , Ziping Xu , Kelly W. Zhang , Susan A. Murphy

Large-scale screening for potential threats with limited resources and capacity for screening is a problem of interest at airports, seaports, and other ports of entry. Adversaries can observe screening procedures and arrive at a time when…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-11-21 Sanket Shah , Arunesh Sinha , Pradeep Varakantham , Andrew Perrault , Milind Tambe

Offline-to-Online Reinforcement Learning (O2O RL) faces a critical dilemma in balancing the use of a fixed offline dataset with newly collected online experiences. Standard methods, often relying on a fixed data-mixing ratio, struggle to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Chihyeon Song , Jaewoo Lee , Jinkyoo Park

Reinforcement Learning (RL) offers a powerful framework for optimizing dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs). However, clinical RL is fundamentally bottlenecked by reward engineering: the challenge of defining signals that safely and effectively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Qianyi Xu , Gousia Habib , Feng Wu , Yanrui Du , Zhihui Chen , Swapnil Mishra , Dilruk Perera , Mengling Feng

In offline reinforcement learning (offline RL), one of the main challenges is to deal with the distributional shift between the learning policy and the given dataset. To address this problem, recent offline RL methods attempt to introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Jianhao Wang , Wenzhe Li , Haozhe Jiang , Guangxiang Zhu , Siyuan Li , Chongjie Zhang

Care coordination and population health management programs serve large Medicaid and safety-net populations and must be auditable, efficient, and adaptable. While clinical risk for outreach modalities is typically low, time and opportunity…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Sanjay Basu , Sadiq Y. Patel , Parth Sheth , Bhairavi Muralidharan , Namrata Elamaran , Aakriti Kinra , Rajaie Batniji

Equipped with the trained environmental dynamics, model-based offline reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms can often successfully learn good policies from fixed-sized datasets, even some datasets with poor quality. Unfortunately, however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Junjie Zhang , Jiafei Lyu , Xiaoteng Ma , Jiangpeng Yan , Jun Yang , Le Wan , Xiu Li

In recent years, data-driven reinforcement learning (RL), also known as offline RL, have gained significant attention. However, the role of data sampling techniques in offline RL has been overlooked despite its potential to enhance online…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Jinyi Liu , Yi Ma , Jianye Hao , Yujing Hu , Yan Zheng , Tangjie Lv , Changjie Fan

Sample efficiency remains a major obstacle for real world adoption of reinforcement learning (RL): success has been limited to settings where simulators provide access to essentially unlimited environment interactions, which in reality are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Mattie Fellows , Clarisse Wibault , Uljad Berdica , Johannes Forkel , Michael A. Osborne , Jakob N. Foerster

Reinforcement learning (RL) trains an agent from experiences interacting with the environment. In scenarios where online interactions are impractical, offline RL, which trains the agent using pre-collected datasets, has become popular.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Chen Gong , Kecen Li , Jin Yao , Tianhao Wang

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful data-driven control method that has been largely explored in autonomous driving tasks. However, conventional RL approaches learn control policies through trial-and-error interactions with the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Tianyu Shi , Dong Chen , Kaian Chen , Zhaojian Li

The recent success of supervised learning methods on ever larger offline datasets has spurred interest in the reinforcement learning (RL) field to investigate whether the same paradigms can be translated to RL algorithms. This research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-12 Mengjiao Yang , Ofir Nachum

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) refers to the problem of learning policies from a static dataset of environment interactions. Offline RL enables extensive use and re-use of historical datasets, while also alleviating safety concerns…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Rafael Rafailov , Tianhe Yu , Aravind Rajeswaran , Chelsea Finn

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a key approach for enhancing LLM reasoning. However, standard frameworks like Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) typically employ a uniform rollout budget, leading…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Zhiyuan Yao , Yi-Kai Zhang , Yuxin Chen , Yueqing Sun , Zishan Xu , Yu Yang , Tianhao Hu , Qi Gu , Hui Su , Xunliang Cai

The performance of reinforcement learning (RL) agents is sensitive to the choice of hyperparameters. In real-world settings like robotics or industrial control systems, however, testing different hyperparameter configurations directly on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-19 Han Wang , Archit Sakhadeo , Adam White , James Bell , Vincent Liu , Xutong Zhao , Puer Liu , Tadashi Kozuno , Alona Fyshe , Martha White

Metascheduling in time-triggered architectures has been crucial in adapting to dynamic and unpredictable environments, ensuring the reliability and efficiency of task execution. However, traditional approaches face significant challenges…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Samer Alshaer , Ala Khalifeh , Roman Obermaisser