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Evaluating Text Style Transfer (TST) is a complex task due to its multifaceted nature. The quality of the generated text is measured based on challenging factors, such as style transfer accuracy, content preservation, and overall fluency.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Phil Ostheimer , Mayank Nagda , Marius Kloft , Sophie Fellenz

Text style transfer (TST) is the task of transforming a text to reflect a particular style while preserving its original content. Evaluating TST outputs is a multidimensional challenge, requiring the assessment of style transfer accuracy,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Sourabrata Mukherjee , Atul Kr. Ojha , John P. McCrae , Ondrej Dusek

The stylistic properties of text have intrigued computational linguistics researchers in recent years. Specifically, researchers have investigated the Text Style Transfer (TST) task, which aims to change the stylistic properties of the text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Zhiqiang Hu , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Charu C. Aggarwal , Aston Zhang

While the field of style transfer (ST) has been growing rapidly, it has been hampered by a lack of standardized practices for automatic evaluation. In this paper, we evaluate leading ST automatic metrics on the oft-researched task of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Eleftheria Briakou , Sweta Agrawal , Joel Tetreault , Marine Carpuat

Topic model evaluation, like evaluation of other unsupervised methods, can be contentious. However, the field has coalesced around automated estimates of topic coherence, which rely on the frequency of word co-occurrences in a reference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Alexander Hoyle , Pranav Goel , Denis Peskov , Andrew Hian-Cheong , Jordan Boyd-Graber , Philip Resnik

This thesis advances the computational understanding and manipulation of text styles through three interconnected pillars: (1) Text Style Transfer (TST), which alters stylistic properties (e.g., sentiment, formality) while preserving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Zhiqiang Hu

The field of Neural Style Transfer (NST) has witnessed remarkable progress in the past few years, with approaches being able to synthesize artistic and photorealistic images and videos of exceptional quality. To evaluate such results, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Eleftherios Ioannou , Steve Maddock

Despite notable advances in large language models (LLMs), reliable evaluation of text generation tasks such as text style transfer (TST) remains an open challenge. Existing research has shown that automatic metrics often correlate poorly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Vitaly Protasov , Nikolay Babakov , Daryna Dementieva , Alexander Panchenko

Text style transfer (TST) is an important task in controllable text generation, which aims to control selected attributes of language use, such as politeness, formality, or sentiment, without altering the style-independent content of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Sourabrata Mukherjee , Mateusz Lango , Zdenek Kasner , Ondrej Dušek

Although text style transfer has witnessed rapid development in recent years, there is as yet no established standard for evaluation, which is performed using several automatic metrics, lacking the possibility of always resorting to human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-18 Huiyuan Lai , Jiali Mao , Antonio Toral , Malvina Nissim

The difficulty of textual style transfer lies in the lack of parallel corpora. Numerous advances have been proposed for the unsupervised generation. However, significant problems remain with the auto-evaluation of style transfer tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-11 Richard Yuanzhe Pang

Text Style Transfer (TST) is a pivotal task in natural language generation to manipulate text style attributes while preserving style-independent content. The attributes targeted in TST can vary widely, including politeness, authorship,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Sourabrata Mukherjee , Ondrej Dušek

Research in the area of style transfer for text is currently bottlenecked by a lack of standard evaluation practices. This paper aims to alleviate this issue by experimentally identifying best practices with a Yelp sentiment dataset. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-05 Remi Mir , Bjarke Felbo , Nick Obradovich , Iyad Rahwan

This paper shows that standard assessment methodology for style transfer has several significant problems. First, the standard metrics for style accuracy and semantics preservation vary significantly on different re-runs. Therefore one has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Alexey Tikhonov , Viacheslav Shibaev , Aleksander Nagaev , Aigul Nugmanova , Ivan P. Yamshchikov

Large language models (LLMs) make it easy to rewrite a text in any style -- e.g. to make it more polite, persuasive, or more positive -- but evaluation thereof is not straightforward. A challenge lies in measuring content preservation: that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Amalie Brogaard Pauli , Isabelle Augenstein , Ira Assent

This paper presents the first large-scale meta-evaluation of machine translation (MT). We annotated MT evaluations conducted in 769 research papers published from 2010 to 2020. Our study shows that practices for automatic MT evaluation have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Benjamin Marie , Atsushi Fujita , Raphael Rubino

In Machine Translation (MT) evaluation, metric performance is assessed based on agreement with human judgments. In recent years, automatic metrics have demonstrated increasingly high levels of agreement with humans. To gain a clearer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Lorenzo Proietti , Stefano Perrella , Roberto Navigli

Language style is necessary for AI systems to understand and generate diverse human language accurately. However, previous text style transfer primarily focused on sentence-level data-driven approaches, limiting exploration of potential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Huashan Sun , Yixiao Wu , Yuhao Ye , Yizhe Yang , Yinghao Li , Jiawei Li , Yang Gao

Starting from the 1950s, Machine Translation (MT) was challenged by different scientific solutions, which included rule-based methods, example-based and statistical models (SMT), to hybrid models, and very recent years the neural models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Lifeng Han , Serge Gladkoff

Machine translation evaluation is a very important activity in machine translation development. Automatic evaluation metrics proposed in literature are inadequate as they require one or more human reference translations to compare them with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-11-18 Nisheeth Joshi , Iti Mathur , Hemant Darbari , Ajai Kumar
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