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Algorithmic recourse provides individuals who receive undesirable outcomes from machine learning systems with minimum-cost improvements to achieve a desirable outcome. However, machine learning models often get updated, so the recourse may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Kshitij Kayastha , Vasilis Gkatzelis , Shahin Jabbari

Machine learning is increasingly used to inform decision-making in sensitive situations where decisions have consequential effects on individuals' lives. In these settings, in addition to requiring models to be accurate and robust, socially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Amir-Hossein Karimi , Gilles Barthe , Bernhard Schölkopf , Isabel Valera

Algorithmic recourse aims to provide actionable recommendations to individuals to obtain a more favourable outcome from an automated decision-making system. As it involves reasoning about interventions performed in the physical world,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-23 Julius von Kügelgen , Nikita Agarwal , Jakob Zeitler , Afsaneh Mastouri , Bernhard Schölkopf

Algorithmic recourse seeks to provide actionable recommendations for individuals to overcome unfavorable classification outcomes from automated decision-making systems. Recourse recommendations should ideally be robust to reasonably small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Ricardo Dominguez-Olmedo , Amir-Hossein Karimi , Bernhard Schölkopf

Algorithmic recourse explanations inform stakeholders on how to act to revert unfavorable predictions. However, in general ML models do not predict well in interventional distributions. Thus, an action that changes the prediction in the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-07-19 Gunnar König , Timo Freiesleben , Moritz Grosse-Wentrup

We argue that the trend toward providing users with feasible and actionable explanations of AI decisions, known as recourse explanations, comes with ethical downsides. Specifically, we argue that recourse explanations face several…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Emily Sullivan , Atoosa Kasirzadeh

Machine learning based predictions are increasingly used in sensitive decision-making applications that directly affect our lives. This has led to extensive research into ensuring the fairness of classifiers. Beyond just fair…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Ainhize Barrainkua , Giovanni De Toni , Jose Antonio Lozano , Novi Quadrianto

People are increasingly subject to algorithmic decisions, and it is generally agreed that end-users should be provided an explanation or rationale for these decisions. There are different purposes that explanations can have, such as…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Emily Sullivan , Philippe Verreault-Julien

The trustworthiness of AI decision-making systems is increasingly important. A key feature of such systems is the ability to provide recommendations for how an individual may reverse a negative decision, a problem known as algorithmic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Drago Plecko , Collin Wang , Elias Bareinboim

Algorithmic recourse provides counterfactual action plans that help people overturn unfavorable AI decisions. While diverse recourse sets may improve transparency and motivation, they may also impose cognitive load and negative emotions by…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Tomu Tominaga , Naomi Yamashita , Takeshi Kurashima

Algorithmic fairness is typically studied from the perspective of predictions. Instead, here we investigate fairness from the perspective of recourse actions suggested to individuals to remedy an unfavourable classification. We propose two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Julius von Kügelgen , Amir-Hossein Karimi , Umang Bhatt , Isabel Valera , Adrian Weller , Bernhard Schölkopf

Algorithmic Recourse (AR) aims to provide users with actionable steps to overturn unfavourable decisions made by machine learning predictors. However, these actions often take time to implement (e.g., getting a degree can take years), and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Giovanni De Toni , Stefano Teso , Bruno Lepri , Andrea Passerini

Algorithmic systems are often called upon to assist in high-stakes decision making. In light of this, algorithmic recourse, the principle wherein individuals should be able to take action against an undesirable outcome made by an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Joao Fonseca , Andrew Bell , Carlo Abrate , Francesco Bonchi , Julia Stoyanovich

Due to the importance of artificial intelligence (AI) in a variety of high-stakes decisions, such as loan approval, job hiring, and criminal bail, researchers in Explainable AI (XAI) have developed algorithms to provide users with recourse…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Matthew Olckers , Toby Walsh

Algorithmic recourse -- providing recommendations to those affected negatively by the outcome of an algorithmic system on how they can take action and change that outcome -- has gained attention as a means of giving persons agency in their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Andrew Bell , Joao Fonseca , Carlo Abrate , Francesco Bonchi , Julia Stoyanovich

As machine learning models are increasingly being employed to make consequential decisions in real-world settings, it becomes critical to ensure that individuals who are adversely impacted (e.g., loan denied) by the predictions of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Martin Pawelczyk , Teresa Datta , Johannes van-den-Heuvel , Gjergji Kasneci , Himabindu Lakkaraju

As machine learning is increasingly used to inform consequential decision-making (e.g., pre-trial bail and loan approval), it becomes important to explain how the system arrived at its decision, and also suggest actions to achieve a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-09 Amir-Hossein Karimi , Bernhard Schölkopf , Isabel Valera

Machine learning based decision making systems are increasingly affecting humans. An individual can suffer an undesirable outcome under such decision making systems (e.g. denied credit) irrespective of whether the decision is fair or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-24 Shalmali Joshi , Oluwasanmi Koyejo , Warut Vijitbenjaronk , Been Kim , Joydeep Ghosh

As machine learning continues to gain prominence, transparency and explainability are increasingly critical. Without an understanding of these models, they can replicate and worsen human bias, adversely affecting marginalized communities.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Dongwhi Kim , Nuno Moniz

This paper proposes a new framework of algorithmic recourse (AR) that works even in the presence of missing values. AR aims to provide a recourse action for altering the undesired prediction result given by a classifier. Existing AR methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Kentaro Kanamori , Takuya Takagi , Ken Kobayashi , Yuichi Ike
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