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Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences is essential for safe and useful LLMs. Previous works mainly adopt reinforcement learning (RLHF) and direct preference optimization (DPO) with human feedback for alignment.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Tianci Xue , Ziqi Wang , Heng Ji

Pre-trained large-scale language models (LLMs) excel at producing coherent articles, yet their outputs may be untruthful, toxic, or fail to align with user expectations. Current approaches focus on using reinforcement learning with human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Dehong Xu , Liang Qiu , Minseok Kim , Faisal Ladhak , Jaeyoung Do

Language models (LMs) are pretrained to imitate internet text, including content that would violate human preferences if generated by an LM: falsehoods, offensive comments, personally identifiable information, low-quality or buggy code, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Tomasz Korbak , Kejian Shi , Angelica Chen , Rasika Bhalerao , Christopher L. Buckley , Jason Phang , Samuel R. Bowman , Ethan Perez

Preference learning is a widely adopted post-training technique that aligns large language models (LLMs) to human preferences and improves specific downstream task capabilities. In this work we systematically investigate how specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Joongwon Kim , Anirudh Goyal , Aston Zhang , Bo Xiong , Rui Hou , Melanie Kambadur , Dhruv Mahajan , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Liang Tan

Current instruction-tuned language models are exclusively trained with textual preference data and thus are often not aligned with the unique requirements of other modalities, such as speech. To better align language models with the speech…

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in handling complex dialogue tasks without requiring use case-specific fine-tuning. However, analyzing live dialogues in real-time necessitates low-latency processing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Xuanqing Liu , Luyang Kong , Wei Niu , Afshin Khashei , Belinda Zeng , Steve Johnson , Jon Jay , Davor Golac , Matt Pope

Recently, pretrained language models (PLMs) have had exceptional success in language generation. To leverage the rich knowledge encoded by PLMs, a simple yet powerful paradigm is to use prompts in the form of either discrete tokens or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Tianyi Tang , Junyi Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen

The recent surge of versatile large language models (LLMs) largely depends on aligning increasingly capable foundation models with human intentions by preference learning, enhancing LLMs with excellent applicability and effectiveness in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Ruili Jiang , Kehai Chen , Xuefeng Bai , Zhixuan He , Juntao Li , Muyun Yang , Tiejun Zhao , Liqiang Nie , Min Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) alignment aims to ensure that the behavior of LLMs meets human preferences. While collecting data from multiple fine-grained, aspect-specific preferences becomes more and more feasible, existing alignment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jia Zhang , Yao Liu , Chen-Xi Zhang , Yi Liu , Yi-Xuan Jin , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yu-Feng Li

Inference-time alignment enables large language models (LLMs) to generate outputs aligned with end-user preferences without further training. Recent post-training methods achieve this by using small guidance models to modify token…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Sarat Chandra Bobbili , Ujwal Dinesha , Dheeraj Narasimha , Srinivas Shakkottai

Test-time alignment methods offer a promising alternative to fine-tuning by steering the outputs of large language models (LLMs) at inference time with lightweight interventions on their internal representations. Recently, a prominent and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Imranul Ashrafi , Inigo Jauregi Unanue , Massimo Piccardi

Recent advancements in LLMs have revolutionized motion generation models in embodied applications. While LLM-type auto-regressive motion generation models benefit from training scalability, there remains a discrepancy between their token…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Ran Tian , Kratarth Goel

Efficiently fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) for specific tasks presents a considerable challenge in natural language processing. Traditional methods, like prompt or prefix tuning, typically rely on arbitrary tokens for training,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Md. Kowsher , Md. Shohanur Islam Sobuj , Asif Mahmud , Nusrat Jahan Prottasha , Prakash Bhat

Prompting Large Language Models (LLMs), or providing context on the expected model of operation, is an effective way to steer the outputs of such models to satisfy human desiderata after they have been trained. But in rapidly evolving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Younwoo Choi , Muhammad Adil Asif , Ziwen Han , John Willes , Rahul G. Krishnan

Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Tiesunlong Shen , Rui Mao , Jin Wang , Heming Sun , Jian Zhang , Xuejie Zhang , Erik Cambria

Reward modelling from preference data is a crucial step in aligning large language models (LLMs) with human values, requiring robust generalisation to novel prompt-response pairs. In this work, we propose to frame this problem in a causal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Katarzyna Kobalczyk , Mihaela van der Schaar

Preference learning in Large Language Models (LLMs) has advanced significantly, yet existing methods remain limited by modest performance gains, high computational costs, hyperparameter sensitivity, and insufficient modeling of global…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Liang Zhu , Yuelin Bai , Xiankun Ren , Jiaxi Yang , Lei Zhang , Feiteng Fang , Hamid Alinejad-Rokny , Minghuan Tan , Min Yang

Language models are often trained to maximize the likelihood of the next token given past tokens in the training dataset. However, during inference time, they are utilized differently, generating text sequentially and auto-regressively by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Zhepeng Cen , Yao Liu , Siliang Zeng , Pratik Chaudhari , Huzefa Rangwala , George Karypis , Rasool Fakoor

Most language models (LMs) are trained and applied in an autoregressive left-to-right fashion, assuming that the next token only depends on the preceding ones. However, this assumption ignores the potential benefits of using the full…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Anh Nguyen , Nikos Karampatziakis , Weizhu Chen

A core objective in recommender systems is to accurately model the distribution of user preferences over items to enable personalized recommendations. Recently, driven by the strong generative capabilities of large language models (LLMs),…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yuanbo Zhao , Ruochen Liu , Senzhang Wang , Jun Yin , Yuxin Dong , Huan Gong , Hao Chen , Shirui Pan , Chengqi Zhang
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