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Given two observables $A$ and $B$, one can associate to every quantum state a Kirkwood-Dirac (KD) quasiprobability distribution. KD distributions are like joint classical probabilities except that they can have negative or nonreal values,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-30 Christopher Langrenez , Stephan De Bièvre , David R. M. Arvidsson-Shukur

Recent years have seen the Kirkwood-Dirac (KD) distribution come to the forefront as a powerful quasi-probability distribution for analysing quantum mechanics. The KD distribution allows tools from statistics and probability theory to be…

Kirkwood-Dirac (KD) distribution is a representation of quantum states. Recently, KD distribution has been employed in many scenarios such as quantum metrology, quantum chaos and foundations of quantum theory. KD distribution is a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-30 Jianwei Xu

The Kirkwood-Dirac (KD) quasiprobability distribution is a fundamental representation for quantum states and has been widely applied in quantum metrology, quantum chaos, weak values in recent years. A quantum state is KD-classical if its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Lin-Yan Cai , Ying-Hui Yang , Zhu-Jun Zheng

Given two orthonormal bases in a d-dimensional Hilbert space, one associates to each state its Kirkwood-Dirac (KD) quasi-probability distribution. KD-nonclassical states - for which the KD-distribution takes on negative and/or nonreal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-06 Stephan De Bievre

A central problem in quantum information is determining quantum-classical boundaries. A useful notion of classicality is provided by the quasiprobability formulation of quantum theory. In this framework, a state is called classical if it is…

We uncover new features of generalized contextuality by connecting it to the Kirkwood-Dirac (KD) quasiprobability distribution. Quantum states can be represented by KD distributions, which take values in the complex unit disc. Only for…

We investigate features of the quasi-joint-probability distribution for finite-state quantum systems, especially the two-state and three-state quantum systems, comparing different types of quasi-joint-probability distributions based on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-01 Shun Umekawa , Jaeha Lee , Naomichi Hatano

Classical computers can simulate models of quantum computation with restricted input states. The identification of such states can sharpen the boundary between quantum and classical computations. Previous works describe simulable states of…

The Kirkwood-Dirac (KD) quasiprobability distribution is known for its role in quantum metrology, thermodynamics, as well as quantum foundations. In this work we classify unitary evolutions that preserve KD positivity. We identify…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-03 Jędrzej Burkat , Sergii Strelchuk

Kirkwood-Dirac (KD) quasiprobability is a quantum analog of classical phase space probability. It offers an informationally complete representation of quantum state wherein the quantumness associated with quantum noncommutativity manifests…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-17 Agung Budiyono

Just a few years after the inception of quantum mechanics, there has been a research program using the nonclassical values of some quasiprobability distributions to delineate the nonclassical aspects of quantum phenomena. In particular, in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-24 Agung Budiyono , Joel F. Sumbowo , Mohammad K. Agusta , Bagus E. B. Nurhandoko

Kirkwood discovered in 1933, and Dirac discovered in 1945, a representation of quantum states that has undergone a renaissance recently. The Kirkwood-Dirac (KD) distribution has been employed to study nonclassicality across quantum physics,…

Kirkwood-Dirac (KD) quasiprobability is a quantum analog of phase space probability of classical statistical mechanics, allowing negative or/and nonreal values. It gives an informationally complete representation of a quantum state. Recent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-19 Agung Budiyono , Hermawan K. Dipojono

The Kirkwood-Dirac (KD) distribution has recently emerged as a powerful quasiprobability framework with wide-ranging applications in quantum information processing tasks. In this work, we introduce an experimentally motivated criterion for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Sudip Chakrabarty , Bivas Mallick , Saheli Mukherjee , Ananda G. Maity

The Kirkwood-Dirac (KD) quasiprobability describes measurement statistics of joint quantum observables, and has generated great interest as prominent indicators of non-classical features in various quantum information processing tasks. It…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-15 Lijun Liu , Shuming Cheng

Among the many quasiprobability representations of quantum mechanics, the family of Kirkwood-Dirac (KD) representations has come to the foreground in recent years. Each such KD representation is determined by the choice of two complementary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 Matéo Spriet , Christopher Langrenez , Raymond Brummelhuis , Stephan De Bièvre

We show that a Kirkwood-Dirac type quasiprobability distribution is sufficient to reveal any arbitrary quantum resource. This is achieved by demonstrating that it is always possible to identify a set of incompatible measurements that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-09 Kok Chuan Tan , Souradeep Sasmal

Temporal quantum states generalize the multipartite density operator formalism to the time domain, enabling a unified treatment of quantum systems with both timelike and spacelike correlations. Despite a growing body of temporal state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-12 Zhian Jia , Kavan Modi , Dagomir Kaszlikowski

We propose a characterization and a quantification of general quantum correlation which is exhibited even by a separable (unentangled) mixed bipartite state in terms of the nonclassical values of the associated Kirkwood-Dirac (KD)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-15 Agung Budiyono , Bobby E. Gunara , Bagus E. B. Nurhandoko , Hermawan K. Dipojono
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