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We consider the dataset valuation problem, that is, the problem of quantifying the incremental gain, to some relevant pre-defined utility of a machine learning task, of aggregating an individual dataset to others. The Shapley value is a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Felipe Garrido-Lucero , Benjamin Heymann , Maxime Vono , Patrick Loiseau , Vianney Perchet

The Shapley value provides a principled framework for fairly distributing rewards among participants according to their individual contributions. While prior work has applied this concept to data valuation in machine learning, existing…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Zhuofan Jia , Jian Pei

Explainability in yield prediction helps us fully explore the potential of machine learning models that are already able to achieve high accuracy for a variety of yield prediction scenarios. The data included for the prediction of yields…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Florian Huber , Hannes Engler , Anna Kicherer , Katja Herzog , Reinhard Töpfer , Volker Steinhage

Shapley value is a classic notion from game theory, historically used to quantify the contributions of individuals within groups, and more recently applied to assign values to data points when training machine learning models. Despite its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-28 Amirata Ghorbani , Michael P. Kim , James Zou

The problem of explaining the behavior of deep neural networks has recently gained a lot of attention. While several attribution methods have been proposed, most come without strong theoretical foundations, which raises questions about…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-24 Marco Ancona , Cengiz Öztireli , Markus Gross

Deep neural networks have demonstrated remarkable performance across various domains, yet their decision-making processes remain opaque. Although many explanation methods are dedicated to bringing the obscurity of DNNs to light, they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Kanglong Fan , Yunqiao Yang , Chen Ma

Shapley values originated in cooperative game theory but are extensively used today as a model-agnostic explanation framework to explain predictions made by complex machine learning models in the industry and academia. There are several…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-15 Lars Henry Berge Olsen , Ingrid Kristine Glad , Martin Jullum , Kjersti Aas

Measuring the value of individual samples is critical for many data-driven tasks, e.g., the training of a deep learning model. Recent literature witnesses the substantial efforts in developing data valuation methods. The primary data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Ou Wu , Weiyao Zhu , Mengyang Li

The Shapley value has become a popular method to attribute the prediction of a machine-learning model on an input to its base features. The use of the Shapley value is justified by citing [16] showing that it is the \emph{unique} method…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-10 Mukund Sundararajan , Amir Najmi

In Explainable AI (XAI), Shapley values are a popular model-agnostic framework for explaining predictions made by complex machine learning models. The computation of Shapley values requires estimating non-trivial contribution functions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Lars Henry Berge Olsen , Martin Jullum

Distributional data Shapley value (DShapley) has recently been proposed as a principled framework to quantify the contribution of individual datum in machine learning. DShapley develops the foundational game theory concept of Shapley values…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-19 Yongchan Kwon , Manuel A. Rivas , James Zou

Shapley values have become a cornerstone of explainable AI, but they are computationally expensive to use, especially when features are dependent. Evaluating them requires approximating a large number of conditional expectations, either via…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Lars Henry Berge Olsen , Dennis Christensen

Feature attribution methods help make machine learning-based inference explainable by determining how much one or several features have contributed to a model's output. A particularly popular attribution method is based on the Shapley value…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Filip Naudot , Tobias Sundqvist , Timotheus Kampik

This paper fills the limited statistical understanding of Shapley values as a variable importance measure from a nonparametric (or smoothing) perspective. We introduce population-level \textit{Shapley curves} to measure the true variable…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-04 Ratmir Miftachov , Georg Keilbar , Wolfgang Karl Härdle

Changes in input distribution can induce shifts in the average predictions of machine learning models. Such prediction shifts may impact downstream business outcomes (e.g. a bank's loan approval rate), so understanding their causes can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tom Bewley , Salim I. Amoukou , Emanuele Albini , Saumitra Mishra , Manuela Veloso

This paper makes the case for using Shapley value to quantify the importance of random input variables to a function. Alternatives based on the ANOVA decomposition can run into conceptual and computational problems when the input variables…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-03-22 Art B. Owen , Clémentine Prieur

The Shapley value (SV) is adopted in various scenarios in machine learning (ML), including data valuation, agent valuation, and feature attribution, as it satisfies their fairness requirements. However, as exact SVs are infeasible to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Zijian Zhou , Xinyi Xu , Rachael Hwee Ling Sim , Chuan Sheng Foo , Kian Hsiang Low

The Shapley value is a ubiquitous framework for attribution in machine learning, encompassing feature importance, data valuation, and causal inference. However, its exact computation is generally intractable, necessitating efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Fabian Fumagalli , Landon Butler , Justin Singh Kang , Kannan Ramchandran , R. Teal Witter

Shapley values has established itself as one of the most appropriate and theoretically sound frameworks for explaining predictions from complex machine learning models. The popularity of Shapley values in the explanation setting is probably…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-24 Martin Jullum , Annabelle Redelmeier , Kjersti Aas

In recent years, the Shapley value and SHAP explanations have emerged as one of the most dominant paradigms for providing post-hoc explanations of black-box models. Despite their well-founded theoretical properties, many recent works have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 James Enouen , Yan Liu