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I discuss open theoretical questions pertaining to the modified dynamics (MOND)--a proposed alternative to dark matter, which posits a breakdown of Newtonian dynamics in the limit of small accelerations. In particular, I point the reasons…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 Mordehai Milgrom

Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) is a framework of theories that adjust Newton's laws of gravity to explain effects such as galactic rotation anomalies, offering an alternative to dark matter. This essay examines the justification of MOND…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2025-12-03 Antonis Antoniou , Lorenzo Lorenzetti

In default of a fundamental MOND theory -- a FUNDAMOND -- I advocate that, alongside searching for one, we should try to identify predictions that follow from wide classes of MOND theories, if not necessarily from all. In particular,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-21 Mordehai Milgrom

We derive a relativistic extension of Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) within the framework of entropic gravity by introducing temperature-dependent corrections to the equipartition law on a holographic screen. Starting from a Debye-like…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-11 A. Rostami , K. Rezazadeh , M. Rostampour

Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND), which postulates a breakdown of Newton's laws of gravity/dynamics below some critical acceleration threshold, can explain many otherwise puzzling observational phenomena on galactic scales. MOND competes…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-03-15 David Vokrouhlický , David Nesvorný , Scott Tremaine

I consider the growth of inhomogeneities in a low-density baryonic, vacuum energy-dominated universe in the context of modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND). I first write down a two-field Langrangian-based theory of MOND (non-relativistic),…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 R. H. Sanders

We discuss implications that result from the acceptance of MOND parameter $a_M$ as the third fundamental constant of nature in addition to $c$ and $h$. To this aim we use the concept of Newtonian triangle in the $(log(r),~ log(m))$ plane…

General Physics · Physics 2022-02-08 Piotr Zenczykowski

Milgrom's Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) provides an efficient way to summarize phenomenology of galaxies which does not lean on the notion of dark matter; it has great predictive power. Here I briefly review MOND as well as its…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2013-11-22 Jacob D. Bekenstein

The standard $\Lambda$CDM paradigm seems to describe cosmology and large scale structure formation very well. However, a number of puzzling observations remain on galactic scales. An example is the anisotropic distribution of satellite…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2020-04-07 Indranil Banik , Hongsheng Zhao

We have recently shown that the baryonic Tully-Fisher (BTF) and Faber-Jackson (BFJ) relations imply that the gravitational "constant" $G$ in the force law vary with acceleration $a$ as $1/a$. Here we derive the converse from first…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-11-26 Dimitris M. Christodoulou , Demosthenes Kazanas

Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) is a possible solution for the missing mass problem in galactic dynamics; its predictions are in good agreement with observations in the limit of weak accelerations. However, MOND does not derive from a…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2017-01-18 Sascha Trippe

Non-spherical systems described by MOND theories of modified gravity arising from generalizations of the Poisson equations are affected by a MONDian extra-quadrupolar potential \phi_M even if they are isolated and they are in deep Newtonian…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-07-30 Lorenzo Iorio

The MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) is presented here, as well as a theory that can be linked to it: the theory of the Aether, a four-vector field breaking Lorentz invariance. The form of its Lagrangian is studied, then basic equations…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-10-23 Anaelle Halle

Using dimensional analysis techniques we present an extension of Newton's gravitational theory built under the assumption that Milgrom's acceleration constant is a fundamental quantity of nature. The gravitational force converges to…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-06-04 J. C. Hidalgo , S. Mendoza , X. Hernandez , T. Bernal , M. A. Jimenez , C. Allen

Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MoND) is an empirically modification of Newtonian gravity at largest scales in order to explain rotation curves of galaxies, as an alternative to nonbaryonic dark matter. But MoND theories can hardly connect…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2010-07-21 Nelson Falcon

Aims. We explore the dynamical friction on a test mass in gravitational systems in the Quasi linear formulation of Modified Newtonian Dynamics (QuMOND). Methods. Exploiting the quasi linearity of QuMOND we derive a simple expression for the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-09-11 Pierfrancesco Di Cintio , Federico Re , Caterina Chiari

I first give a succinct account of the MOND paradigm--emphasizing the centrality of scale invariance in the nonrelativistic, deep-MOND limit--and describing rudiments of its phenomenology. I then present my credo, and some generalities,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-10-15 Mordehai Milgrom

Moderhai Milgrom's Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) correction to Newtonian gravity or inertia is shown to be equivalent to a more fundamental formulation considering a non-inertial local reference frame and the fixed background of the…

General Physics · Physics 2026-01-08 Manuel Uruena Palomo

A relativistic MOND theory, promising in reproducing cosmology as well as the MOND phenomenology in the low acceleration regime, was recently proposed. We present the post-Newtonian (PN) approximation and relativistic perturbation equations…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-03-12 Jai-chan Hwang , Hyerim Noh

A speculative mathematical model is used to generate the modified Newtonian dynamics called MOND from fluctuations of the number of quanta of quantized acceleration. The one new parameter can be chosen either to make the transition to…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Thomas F. Jordan