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In this paper, we describe several techniques for improving the acoustic and language model of an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system operating on code-switching (CS) speech. We focus on the recognition of Frisian-Dutch radio…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-31 Emre Yılmaz , Henk van den Heuvel , David A. van Leeuwen

Language identification is a crucial first step in multilingual systems such as chatbots and virtual assistants, enabling linguistically and culturally accurate user experiences. Errors at this stage can cascade into downstream failures,…

Much of text-to-speech research relies on human evaluation, which incurs heavy costs and slows down the development process. The problem is particularly acute in heavily multilingual applications, where recruiting and polling judges can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Thibault Sellam , Ankur Bapna , Joshua Camp , Diana Mackinnon , Ankur P. Parikh , Jason Riesa

In this work, we seek to build effective code-switched (CS) automatic speech recognition systems (ASR) under the zero-shot setting where no transcribed CS speech data is available for training. Previously proposed frameworks which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-10 Brian Yan , Matthew Wiesner , Ondrej Klejch , Preethi Jyothi , Shinji Watanabe

With the massive developments of end-to-end (E2E) neural networks, recent years have witnessed unprecedented breakthroughs in automatic speech recognition (ASR). However, the codeswitching phenomenon remains a major obstacle that hinders…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Tzu-Ting Yang , Hsin-Wei Wang , Yi-Cheng Wang , Chi-Han Lin , Berlin Chen

The analysis of data in which multiple languages are represented has gained popularity among computational linguists in recent years. So far, much of this research focuses mainly on the improvement of computational methods and largely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-10 A. Seza Doğruöz , Sunayana Sitaram , Barbara E. Bullock , Almeida Jacqueline Toribio

Sentiment analysis is essential in many real-world applications such as stance detection, review analysis, recommendation system, and so on. Sentiment analysis becomes more difficult when the data is noisy and collected from social media.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-03-20 Braja Gopal Patra , Dipankar Das , Amitava Das

The task of automatically identifying a language used in a given text is called Language Identification (LI). India is a multilingual country and many Indians especially youths are comfortable with Hindi and English, in addition to their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-21 H. L. Shashirekha , F. Balouchzahi , M. D. Anusha , G. Sidorov

Multilingual transformer language models have recently attracted much attention from researchers and are used in cross-lingual transfer learning for many NLP tasks such as text classification and named entity recognition. However, similar…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Sudhanshu Ranjan , Dheeraj Mekala , Jingbo Shang

Spoken language change detection (LCD) refers to detecting language switching points in a multilingual speech signal. Speaker change detection (SCD) refers to locating the speaker change points in a multispeaker speech signal. The objective…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-10 Jagabandhu Mishra , S. R. Mahadeva Prasanna

In recent years, substantial work has been done on language tagging of code-mixed data, but most of them use large amounts of data to build their models. In this article, we present three strategies to build a word level language tagger for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-02 Soumil Mandal , Sankalp Sanand

Code-switching (CS), defined as the mixing of languages in conversations, has become a worldwide phenomenon. The prevalence of CS has been recently met with a growing demand and interest to build CS ASR systems. In this paper, we present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Injy Hamed , Pavel Denisov , Chia-Yu Li , Mohamed Elmahdy , Slim Abdennadher , Ngoc Thang Vu

Code-mixing and code-switching (CSW) remain challenging phenomena for large language models (LLMs). Despite recent advances in multilingual modeling, LLMs often struggle in mixed-language settings, exhibiting systematic degradation in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Himanshu Gupta , Pratik Jayarao , Chaitanya Dwivedi , Neeraj Varshney

Code-mixing is increasingly prevalent in interactions between humans and large language models, yet existing work often reduces it to a translation or convertibility problem, making it difficult to assess whether a model's switching…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Qingyan Yang , Tongxi Wang , Yunsheng Luo

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a vital computational method for addressing language processing, analysis, and generation. NLP tasks form the core of many daily applications, from automatic text correction to speech recognition. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Caroline Sabty

Automatic spoken language identification (LID) is a very important research field in the era of multilingual voice-command-based human-computer interaction (HCI). A front-end LID module helps to improve the performance of many speech-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Spandan Dey , Md Sahidullah , Goutam Saha

Code-mixing involves the seamless integration of linguistic elements from multiple languages within a single discourse, reflecting natural multilingual communication patterns. Despite its prominence in informal interactions such as social…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Svetlana Churina , Akshat Gupta , Insyirah Mujtahid , Kokil Jaidka

Code-mixing, the blending of linguistic elements from distinct languages to form meaningful sentences, is common in multilingual settings, yielding hybrid languages like Hinglish and Minglish. Marathi, India's third most spoken language,…

Multilingualism is widespread around the world and code-switching (CSW) is a common practice among different language pairs/tuples across locations and regions. However, there is still not much progress in building successful CSW systems,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 A. Seza Doğruöz , Sunayana Sitaram , Zheng-Xin Yong

Building cross-lingual voice conversion (VC) systems for multiple speakers and multiple languages has been a challenging task for a long time. This paper describes a parallel non-autoregressive network to achieve bilingual and code-switched…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-23 Yaogen Yang , Haozhe Zhang , Xiaoyi Qin , Shanshan Liang , Huahua Cui , Mingyang Xu , Ming Li
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