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In theory, quantum key distribution (QKD) allows secure communications between two parties based on physical laws. However, most of the security proofs of QKD today make unrealistic assumptions and neglect many relevant device…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-06 Margarida Pereira , Marcos Curty , Kiyoshi Tamaki

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a method that distributes a secret key to a sender and a receiver by the transmission of quantum particles (e.g. photons). Device-independent quantum key distribution (DIQKD) is a version of QKD with a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-27 Matthias Christandl , Roberto Ferrara , Karol Horodecki

Secure communication over long distances is one of the major problems of modern informatics. Classical transmissions are recognized to be vulnerable to quantum computer attacks. Remarkably, the same quantum mechanics that engenders quantum…

With the rapid growth of handheld devices in the internet of things (IoT) networks, mobile applications have become ubiquitous in everyday life. As technology is developed, so do also the risks and threats associated with it, especially in…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-05 Guyue Li , Hongyi Luo , Jiabao Yu , Aiqun Hu , Jiangzhou Wang

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) is considered to be an alternative to classical cryptography for secure communication. However, its transmission distance is restricted to metropolitan areas, given that it is affected by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-12 Jian Zhou , Duan Huang , Ying Guo

Coherent one-way quantum key distribution (COW-QKD) has been widely investigated, and even been deployed in real-world quantum network. However, the proposal of the zero-error attack has critically undermined its security guarantees, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-13 Xiao-Yu Cao , Xiao-Ran Sun , Ming-Yang Li , Yu-Shuo Lu , Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen

Continuous variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) is the sharing of secret keys between different parties using the continuous amplitude and phase quadratures of light. There are many protocols in which different modulation schemes are…

We report on the first real-time implementation of a quantum key distribution (QKD) system using entangled photon pairs that are sent over two free-space optical telescope links. The entangled photon pairs are produced with a type-II…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-10-25 C. Erven , C. Couteau , R. Laflamme , G. Weihs

Here, we demonstrate that a practical Continuous Variables Quantum Key Distribution (CVQKD) protocol relying on the Gaussian modulation of coherent states features secret key rates that cannot be achieved with standard qubit Discrete…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-24 Paul Jouguet , David Elkouss , Sébastien Kunz-Jacques

High-dimensional quantum key distribution (HD-QKD) offers a promising approach to enhance secret key rates beyond conventional binary-encoded QKD, addressing the growing demand for secure data transmission. However, the practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Yang Zhou , Xing-Yu Zhou , Shu-Fan Wu , Qiang Zeng , Zhi-Liang Yuan , Qin Wang

To prove the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, several assumptions have to be imposed on users' devices. From an experimental point of view, it is preferable that such theoretical requirements are feasible and the number…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-07 Akihiro Mizutani

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two distant parties to share secret keys with the proven security even in the presence of an eavesdropper with unbounded computational power. Recently, GHz-clock decoy QKD systems have been realized by…

High-dimensional quantum key distribution (QKD) offers secure communication, with secure key rates that surpass those achievable by QKD protocols utilizing two-dimensional encoding. However, existing high-dimensional QKD protocols require…

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) supports the negotiation and sharing of private keys with unconditional security between authorized parties. Over the years, theoretical advances and experimental demonstrations have successfully transitioned…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-17 Haoran Zhang , Haotao Zhu , Ruihua He , Yan Zhang , Chao Ding , Lajos Hanzo , Weibo Gao

A Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol describes how two remote parties can establish a secret key by communicating over a quantum and a public classical channel that both can be accessed by an eavesdropper. QKD protocols using…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-01-27 Esmaeil Karimi , Emina Soljanin , Philip Whiting

Quantum key distribution allows secret key generation with information theoretical security. It can be realized with photonic integrated circuits to benefit the tiny footprints and the large-scale manufacturing capacity. Continuous-variable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-08 Yiming Bian , Yang Li , Xuesong Xu , Tao Zhang , Yan Pan , Wei Huang , Song Yu , Lei Zhang , Yichen Zhang , Bingjie Xu

We propose a high-dimensional quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol that employs temporal correlations of entangled photons. The security of the protocol relies on measurements by Alice and Bob in one of two conjugate bases, implemented…

The field of space communications is the realm of communication technologies where diffraction and atmospheric effects, both of which contribute to loss and noise, become overriding. The pertinent questions here are how and at which rate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-27 Masoud Ghalaii , Stefano Pirandola

Extending the functionality and overcoming the performance limitation under which QKD can operate requires either quantum repeaters or new security models. Investigating the latter option, we introduce the \textit{Quantum Computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-22 Nilesh Vyas , Romain Alleaume

We investigate quantum key distribution (QKD) in optical multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) settings. Such settings can prove useful in dealing with harsh channel conditions as in, e.g., satellite-based QKD. We study a $2\times2$ setting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-23 Shradhanjali Sahu , Ahmed Lawey , Mohsen Razavi