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A main puzzle of deep neural networks (DNNs) revolves around the apparent absence of "overfitting", defined in this paper as follows: the expected error does not get worse when increasing the number of neurons or of iterations of gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-02 Tomaso Poggio , Qianli Liao , Brando Miranda , Andrzej Banburski , Xavier Boix , Jack Hidary

Modern machine learning models often employ a huge number of parameters and are typically optimized to have zero training loss; yet surprisingly, they possess near-optimal prediction performance, contradicting classical learning theory. We…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-08 Zhu Li , Zhi-Hua Zhou , Arthur Gretton

Modern neural networks are often operated in a strongly overparametrized regime: they comprise so many parameters that they can interpolate the training set, even if actual labels are replaced by purely random ones. Despite this, they…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-10 Andrea Montanari , Yiqiao Zhong

Over-parameterized neural networks generalize well in practice without any explicit regularization. Although it has not been proven yet, empirical evidence suggests that implicit regularization plays a crucial role in deep learning and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-07 Masayoshi Kubo , Ryotaro Banno , Hidetaka Manabe , Masataka Minoji

Understanding how overparameterized neural networks generalize despite perfect interpolation of noisy training data is a fundamental question. Mallinar et. al. 2022 noted that neural networks seem to often exhibit ``tempered overfitting'',…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Nirmit Joshi , Gal Vardi , Nathan Srebro

Many modern neural network architectures are trained in an overparameterized regime where the parameters of the model exceed the size of the training dataset. Sufficiently overparameterized neural network architectures in principle have the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-14 Samet Oymak , Mahdi Soltanolkotabi

The practical success of overparameterized neural networks has motivated the recent scientific study of interpolating methods, which perfectly fit their training data. Certain interpolating methods, including neural networks, can fit noisy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Neil Mallinar , James B. Simon , Amirhesam Abedsoltan , Parthe Pandit , Mikhail Belkin , Preetum Nakkiran

We study the generalization of two-layer ReLU neural networks in a univariate nonparametric regression problem with noisy labels. This is a problem where kernels (\emph{e.g.} NTK) are provably sub-optimal and benign overfitting does not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Dan Qiao , Kaiqi Zhang , Esha Singh , Daniel Soudry , Yu-Xiang Wang

The problem of benign overfitting asks whether it is possible for a model to perfectly fit noisy training data and still generalize well. We study benign overfitting in two-layer leaky ReLU networks trained with the hinge loss on a binary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Kedar Karhadkar , Erin George , Michael Murray , Guido Montúfar , Deanna Needell

The success of over-parameterized neural networks trained to near-zero training error has caused great interest in the phenomenon of benign overfitting, where estimators are statistically consistent even though they interpolate noisy…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-07 Moritz Haas , David Holzmüller , Ulrike von Luxburg , Ingo Steinwart

Recent research in neural networks and machine learning suggests that using many more parameters than strictly required by the initial complexity of a regression problem can result in more accurate or faster-converging models -- contrary to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Arthur Castello B. de Oliveira , Milad Siami , Eduardo D. Sontag

Recent works have shown that on sufficiently over-parametrized neural nets, gradient descent with relatively large initialization optimizes a prediction function in the RKHS of the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK). This analysis leads to global…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-04-28 Colin Wei , Jason D. Lee , Qiang Liu , Tengyu Ma

Adversarial training is a widely used method to improve the robustness of deep neural networks (DNNs) over adversarial perturbations. However, it is empirically observed that adversarial training on over-parameterized networks often suffers…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-25 Zhongjie Shi , Fanghui Liu , Yuan Cao , Johan A. K. Suykens

Recent theoretical studies (Kou et al., 2023; Cao et al., 2022) have revealed a sharp phase transition from benign to harmful overfitting when the noise-to-feature ratio exceeds a threshold-a situation common in long-tailed data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Ruichen Xu , Kexin Chen

We study the overfitting behavior of fully connected deep Neural Networks (NNs) with binary weights fitted to perfectly classify a noisy training set. We consider interpolation using both the smallest NN (having the minimal number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Itamar Harel , William M. Hoza , Gal Vardi , Itay Evron , Nathan Srebro , Daniel Soudry

The remarkable practical success of deep learning has revealed some major surprises from a theoretical perspective. In particular, simple gradient methods easily find near-optimal solutions to non-convex optimization problems, and despite…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-03-17 Peter L. Bartlett , Andrea Montanari , Alexander Rakhlin

The recent success of neural network models has shone light on a rather surprising statistical phenomenon: statistical models that perfectly fit noisy data can generalize well to unseen test data. Understanding this phenomenon of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-13 Niladri S. Chatterji , Philip M. Long , Peter L. Bartlett

A remarkable recent discovery in machine learning has been that deep neural networks can achieve impressive performance (in terms of both lower training error and higher generalization capacity) in the regime where they are massively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Thanh V. Nguyen , Raymond K. W. Wong , Chinmay Hegde

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved remarkable empirical success, yet their training dynamics remain understood mainly from optimization rather than statistical principles. Here we develop a statistical framework for DNN training in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-28 Minhao Yao , Ruoyu Wang , Xihong Lin , Lin Liu , Zhonghua Liu

This paper proposes a new mean-field framework for over-parameterized deep neural networks (DNNs), which can be used to analyze neural network training. In this framework, a DNN is represented by probability measures and functions over its…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-06 Cong Fang , Jason D. Lee , Pengkun Yang , Tong Zhang