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Related papers: Key-Value Transformer

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Large Language Models (LLMs) use key-value (KV) cache to reduce redundant computation in autoregressive generation. However, the KV cache size increases linearly during generation, leading to excessive memory usage, especially for long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Jian Yuan , Ziwei He , Haoli Bai , Jingwen Leng , Bo Jiang

To capture user preference, transformer models have been widely applied to model sequential user behavior data. The core of transformer architecture lies in the self-attention mechanism, which computes the pairwise attention scores in a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Zhen Tian , Wayne Xin Zhao , Changwang Zhang , Xin Zhao , Zhongrui Ma , Ji-Rong Wen

Much of recent Deep Reinforcement Learning success is owed to the neural architecture's potential to learn and use effective internal representations of the world. While many current algorithms access a simulator to train with a large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-03 Amir Ardalan Kalantari , Mohammad Amini , Sarath Chandar , Doina Precup

The Transformer architecture has achieved significant success in natural language processing, motivating its adaptation to computer vision tasks. Unlike convolutional neural networks, vision transformers inherently capture long-range…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zherui Zhang , Rongtao Xu , Jie Zhou , Changwei Wang , Xingtian Pei , Wenhao Xu , Jiguang Zhang , Li Guo , Longxiang Gao , Wenbo Xu , Shibiao Xu

Transformers have revolutionized medical image restoration, but the quadratic complexity still poses limitations for their application to high-resolution medical images. The recent advent of the Receptance Weighted Key Value (RWKV) model in…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-07 Zhiwen Yang , Jiayin Li , Hui Zhang , Dan Zhao , Bingzheng Wei , Yan Xu

The Transformer model, renowned for its powerful attention mechanism, has achieved state-of-the-art performance in various artificial intelligence tasks but faces challenges such as high computational cost and memory usage. Researchers are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Yuichi Kamata , Quoc Hoan Tran , Yasuhiro Endo , Hirotaka Oshima

As context windows in LLMs scale to 100K+ tokens, the key-value (KV) cache becomes the dominant memory bottleneck, with recent methods claiming 80-90% savings and minimal benchmark degradation. We argue these evaluations miss a structural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Samhruth Ananthanarayanan , Ayan Sengupta , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Transformers have become a default architecture in computer vision, but understanding what drives their predictions remains a challenging problem. Current explanation approaches rely on attention values or input gradients, but these provide…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Ian Covert , Chanwoo Kim , Su-In Lee

Transformers have recently emerged as a powerful tool for learning visual representations. In this paper, we identify and characterize artifacts in feature maps of both supervised and self-supervised ViT networks. The artifacts correspond…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Timothée Darcet , Maxime Oquab , Julien Mairal , Piotr Bojanowski

Translation equivariance is a fundamental inductive bias in image restoration, ensuring that translated inputs produce translated outputs. Attention mechanisms in modern restoration transformers undermine this property, adversely impacting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-24 JiaKui Hu , Zhengjian Yao , Lujia Jin , Hangzhou He , Yanye Lu

Quantum embedding with transformers is a novel and promising architecture for quantum machine learning to deliver exceptional capability on near-term devices or simulators. The research incorporated a vision transformer (ViT) to advance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-21 Hao-Yuan Chen , Yen-Jui Chang , Shih-Wei Liao , Ching-Ray Chang

Multi-scale Vision Transformer (ViT) has emerged as a powerful backbone for computer vision tasks, while the self-attention computation in Transformer scales quadratically w.r.t. the input patch number. Thus, existing solutions commonly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Ting Yao , Yingwei Pan , Yehao Li , Chong-Wah Ngo , Tao Mei

The attention mechanism is the primary component of the transformer architecture; it has led to significant advancements in deep learning spanning many domains and covering multiple tasks. In computer vision, the attention mechanism was…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Abdullah Nazhat Abdullah , Tarkan Aydin

The Transformer model architecture has become one of the most widely used in deep learning and the attention mechanism is at its core. The standard attention formulation uses a softmax operation applied to a scaled dot product between query…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Hariprasath Govindarajan , Per Sidén , Jacob Roll , Fredrik Lindsten

Autoregressive Transformers rely on Key-Value (KV) caching to accelerate inference. However, the linear growth of the KV cache with context length leads to excessive memory consumption and bandwidth constraints. This bottleneck is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Ravi Ghadia , Avinash Kumar , Gaurav Jain , Prashant Nair , Poulami Das

Vision Transformers (ViTs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in image classification, yet their attention mechanisms often remain opaque and exhibit dense, non-structured behaviors. In this work, we adapt our previously proposed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Vasileios Arampatzakis , George Pavlidis , Nikolaos Mitianoudis , Nikos Papamarkos

Vision transformers have become one of the most important models for computer vision tasks. Although they outperform prior works, they require heavy computational resources on a scale that is quadratic to the number of tokens, $N$. This is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Jeonggeun Song , Heung-Chang Lee

Transformer-based deep learning models have achieved state-of-the-art performance across numerous language and vision tasks. While the self-attention mechanism, a core component of transformers, has proven capable of handling complex data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Laziz Abdullaev , Tan M. Nguyen

Transformer-based models have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in many intelligent coding tasks such as code comment generation and code completion. Previous studies show that deep learning models are sensitive to the input…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Yaoxian Li , Shiyi Qi , Cuiyun Gao , Yun Peng , David Lo , Zenglin Xu , Michael R. Lyu

Transformer is a deep neural network that employs a self-attention mechanism to comprehend the contextual relationships within sequential data. Unlike conventional neural networks or updated versions of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Saidul Islam , Hanae Elmekki , Ahmed Elsebai , Jamal Bentahar , Najat Drawel , Gaith Rjoub , Witold Pedrycz