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Federated learning (FL) is a distributed training paradigm that enables collaborative learning across clients without sharing local data, thereby preserving privacy. However, the increasing scale and complexity of modern deep models often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Honggu Kang , Seohyeon Cha , Joonhyuk Kang

In recent years, there have been great advances in the field of decentralized learning with private data. Federated learning (FL) and split learning (SL) are two spearheads possessing their pros and cons, and are suited for many user…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Shraman Pal , Mansi Uniyal , Jihong Park , Praneeth Vepakomma , Ramesh Raskar , Mehdi Bennis , Moongu Jeon , Jinho Choi

Federated learning enables collaborative model training without sharing raw data, but its performance can degrade substantially under heterogeneous client data distributions. A single global model often cannot satisfy diverse client…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yunseok Kang , Jaeyoung Song

Split learning (SL) is a promising approach for training artificial intelligence (AI) models, in which devices collaborate with a server to train an AI model in a distributed manner, based on a same fixed split point. However, due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Zuguang Li , Wen Wu , Shaohua Wu , Wei Wang

Federated Learning (FL) is a method of training machine learning models on private data distributed over a large number of possibly heterogeneous clients such as mobile phones and IoT devices. In this work, we propose a new federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Enmao Diao , Jie Ding , Vahid Tarokh

The increasingly deeper neural networks hinder the democratization of privacy-enhancing distributed learning, such as federated learning (FL), to resource-constrained devices. To overcome this challenge, in this paper, we advocate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Zheng Lin , Guangyu Zhu , Yiqin Deng , Xianhao Chen , Yue Gao , Kaibin Huang , Yuguang Fang

Federated Learning (FL), Split Learning (SL), and SplitFed Learning (SFL) are three recent developments in distributed machine learning that are gaining attention due to their ability to preserve the privacy of raw data. Thus, they are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Praveen Joshi , Chandra Thapa , Seyit Camtepe , Mohammed Hasanuzzamana , Ted Scully , Haithem Afli

Split Federated Learning (SFL) is a distributed machine learning paradigm that combines federated learning and split learning. In SFL, a neural network is partitioned at a cut layer, with the initial layers deployed on clients and remaining…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Justin Dachille , Chao Huang , Xin Liu

There are situations where data relevant to machine learning problems are distributed across multiple locations that cannot share the data due to regulatory, competitiveness, or privacy reasons. Machine learning approaches that require data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Dimitris Stripelis , Jose Luis Ambite

As an edge intelligence algorithm for multi-device collaborative training, federated learning (FL) can reduce the communication burden but increase the computing load of wireless devices. In contrast, split learning (SL) can reduce the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Benshun Yin , Zhiyong Chen , Meixia Tao

The provision of communication services via portable and mobile devices, such as aerial base stations, is a crucial concept to be realized in 5G/6G networks. Conventionally, IoT/edge devices need to transmit the data directly to the base…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Sunder Ali Khowaja , Kapal Dev , Parus Khuwaja , Paolo Bellavista

Federated Learning (FL) and Split Learning (SL) are privacy-preserving Machine-Learning (ML) techniques that enable training ML models over data distributed among clients without requiring direct access to their raw data. Existing FL and SL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Ali Abedi , Shehroz S. Khan

Wireless embedded edge devices are ubiquitous in our daily lives, enabling them to gather immense data via onboard sensors and mobile applications. This offers an amazing opportunity to train machine learning (ML) models in the realm of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Varun Laxman Muttepawar , Arjun Mehra , Zubair Shaban , Ranjitha Prasad , Harshan Jagadeesh

Federated learning has gained popularity as a means of training models distributed across the wireless edge. The paper introduces delay-aware hierarchical federated learning (DFL) to improve the efficiency of distributed machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Frank Po-Chen Lin , Seyyedali Hosseinalipour , Nicolò Michelusi , Christopher Brinton

In the ever-changing world of technology, continuous authentication and comprehensive access management are essential during user interactions with a device. Split Learning (SL) and Federated Learning (FL) have recently emerged as promising…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Mohamad Wazzeh , Mohamad Arafeh , Hani Sami , Hakima Ould-Slimane , Chamseddine Talhi , Azzam Mourad , Hadi Otrok

Split Federated Learning (SFL) is a distributed machine learning framework which strategically divides the learning process between a server and clients and collaboratively trains a shared model by aggregating local models updated based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Jiarong Yang , Yuan Liu

Federated Learning is a promising approach for learning from user data while preserving data privacy. However, the high requirements of the model training process make it difficult for clients with limited memory or bandwidth to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Minh K. Quan , Dinh C. Nguyen , Van-Dinh Nguyen , Mayuri Wijayasundara , Sujeeva Setunge , Pubudu N. Pathirana

Split federated learning (SFL) is a recent distributed approach for collaborative model training among multiple clients. In SFL, a global model is typically split into two parts, where clients train one part in a parallel federated manner,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Pengchao Han , Chao Huang , Geng Tian , Ming Tang , Xin Liu

Deploying foundation models (FMs) on uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) promises broad ``low-altitude economy'' applications. Split federated learning (SFL)-based fine-tuning leverages distributed data while keeping raw data local and reduces…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Zizhen Zhou , Ying-Chang Liang , Yanyu Cheng , Wei Yang Bryan Lim

Federated Learning (FL) offers a pioneering distributed learning paradigm that enables devices/clients to build a shared global model. This global model is obtained through frequent model transmissions between clients and a central server,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Minghong Wu , Minghui Liwang , Yuhan Su , Li Li , Seyyedali Hosseinalipour , Xianbin Wang , Huaiyu Dai , Zhenzhen Jiao