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This work uses visual knowledge discovery in parallel coordinates to advance methods of interpretable machine learning. The graphic data representation in parallel coordinates made the concepts of hypercubes and hyperblocks (HBs) simple to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Dustin Hayes , Boris Kovalerchuk

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) achieve remarkable inference-time improvements through parallel thinking. However, existing methods rely on redundant sampling of reasoning trajectories, failing to effectively explore the reasoning space to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Zicheng Xu , Xiuyi Lou , Guanchu Wang , Yu-Neng Chuang , Feng Luo , Guangyao Zheng , Alexander S. Szalay , Zirui Liu , Vladimir Braverman

On the one hand, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are commonly labelled as black-boxes, lacking interpretability; an issue that hinders human understanding of ANNs' behaviors. A need exists to generate a meaningful sequential logic of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-19 Duy T. Nguyen , Kathryn E. Kasmarik , Hussein A. Abbass

Decision trees are popular machine learning models that are simple to build and easy to interpret. Even though algorithms to learn decision trees date back to almost 50 years, key properties affecting their generalization error are still…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Jean-Samuel Leboeuf , Frédéric LeBlanc , Mario Marchand

Neural networks (NNs) and decision trees (DTs) are both popular models of machine learning, yet coming with mutually exclusive advantages and limitations. To bring the best of the two worlds, a variety of approaches are proposed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-09 Haoling Li , Jie Song , Mengqi Xue , Haofei Zhang , Jingwen Ye , Lechao Cheng , Mingli Song

This paper surveys visual methods of explainability of Machine Learning (ML) with focus on moving from quasi-explanations that dominate in ML to domain-specific explanation supported by granular visuals. ML interpretation is fundamentally a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Boris Kovalerchuk , Muhammad Aurangzeb Ahmad , Ankur Teredesai

Decision trees are prized for their interpretability and strong performance on tabular data. Yet, their reliance on simple axis-aligned linear splits often forces deep, complex structures to capture non-linear feature effects, undermining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Nakul Upadhya , Eldan Cohen

Decision tree learning is a popular classification technique most commonly used in machine learning applications. Recent work has shown that decision trees can be used to represent provably-correct controllers concisely. Compared to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Pranav Ashok , Mathias Jackermeier , Pushpak Jagtap , Jan Křetínský , Maximilian Weininger , Majid Zamani

Decision trees and random forest remain highly competitive for classification on medium-sized, standard datasets due to their robustness, minimal preprocessing requirements, and interpretability. However, a single tree suffers from high…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-02 Cencheng Shen , Yuexiao Dong , Carey E. Priebe

The best-performing models in ML are not interpretable. If we can explain why they outperform, we may be able to replicate these mechanisms and obtain both interpretability and performance. One example are decision trees and their…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-09 Hugh Panton , Gavin Leech , Laurence Aitchison

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have advanced rapidly in recent years. However, existing approaches for vision tasks often rely on indirect representations, such as generating coordinates as text for detection, which limits…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Yongyi Su , Haojie Zhang , Shijie Li , Nanqing Liu , Jingyi Liao , Junyi Pan , Yuan Liu , Xiaofen Xing , Chong Sun , Chen Li , Nancy F. Chen , Shuicheng Yan , Xulei Yang , Xun Xu

Interpretability of AI models allows for user safety checks to build trust in these models. In particular, decision trees (DTs) provide a global view on the learned model and clearly outlines the role of the features that are critical to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Hector Kohler , Riad Akrour , Philippe Preux

Deep neural networks (DNNs) can be useful within the marine robotics field, but their utility value is restricted by their black-box nature. Explainable artificial intelligence methods attempt to understand how such black-boxes make their…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-02 Vilde B. Gjærum , Inga Strümke , Ole Andreas Alsos , Anastasios M. Lekkas

Deep learning models are favored in many research and industry areas and have reached the accuracy of approximating or even surpassing human level. However they've long been considered by researchers as black-box models for their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Xiaojian Wang , Jingyuan Wang , Ke Tang

Developing effective and efficient recommendation methods is very challenging for modern e-commerce platforms. Generally speaking, two essential modules named "Click-Through Rate Prediction" (\textit{CTR}) and "Conversion Rate Prediction"…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-20 Hong Wen , Jing Zhang , Quan Lin , Keping Yang , Pipei Huang

Understanding the decisions of tree-based ensembles and their relationships is pivotal for machine learning model interpretation. Recent attempts to mitigate the human-in-the-loop interpretation challenge have explored the extraction of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Leonardo Arrighi , Luca Pennella , Gabriel Marques Tavares , Sylvio Barbon Junior

Decision trees are a fundamental tool in machine learning for representing, classifying, and generalizing data. It is desirable to construct ``small'' decision trees, by minimizing either the \textit{size} ($s$) or the \textit{depth} $(d)$…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Harmender Gahlawat , Meirav Zehavi

In reliability engineering, we need to understand system dependencies, cause-effect relations, identify critical components, and analyze how they trigger failures. Three prominent graph models commonly used for these purposes are fault…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-10-10 L. A. Jimenez-Roa , T. Heskes , M. Stoelinga

Merging the two cultures of deep and statistical learning provides insights into structured high-dimensional data. Traditional statistical modeling is still a dominant strategy for structured tabular data. Deep learning can be viewed…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-25 Anindya Bhadra , Jyotishka Datta , Nick Polson , Vadim Sokolov , Jianeng Xu

The black-box nature of neural networks limits model decision interpretability, in particular for high-dimensional inputs in computer vision and for dense pixel prediction tasks like segmentation. To address this, prior work combines neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Alvin Wan , Daniel Ho , Younjin Song , Henk Tillman , Sarah Adel Bargal , Joseph E. Gonzalez