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The development of Machine Learning (ML)- and, more recently, of Deep Learning (DL)-intensive systems requires suitable choices, e.g., in terms of technology, algorithms, and hyper-parameters. Such choices depend on developers' experience,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Federica Pepe , Fiorella Zampetti , Antonio Mastropaolo , Gabriele Bavota , Massimiliano Di Penta

DL frameworks are the basis of constructing all DL programs and models, and thus their bugs could lead to the unexpected behaviors of any DL program or model relying on them. Such a wide effect demonstrates the necessity and importance of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Junjie Chen , Yihua Liang , Qingchao Shen , Jiajun Jiang , Shuochuan Li

With the application of deep learning technology, tools of DL framework testing are in high demand. Existing DL framework testing tools have limited coverage of bug types. For example, they lack the capability of effectively finding…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Xiaoyu Zhang , Juan Zhai , Shiqing Ma , Shiwei Wang , Chao Shen

Testing Deep Learning (DL) based systems inherently requires large and representative test sets to evaluate whether DL systems generalise beyond their training datasets. Diverse Test Input Generators (TIGs) have been proposed to produce…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-12-23 Vincenzo Riccio , Paolo Tonella

Deep Learning (DL) libraries, such as PyTorch, are widely used for building and deploying DL models on various hardware platforms. Meanwhile, they are found to contain bugs that lead to incorrect calculation results and cause issues like…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Xiaoyuan Xie , Yan Song , Songqiang Chen , Jinfu Chen

Dead code introduces several challenges in software development, such as increased binary size and maintenance difficulties. It can also obscure logical errors and be exploited for obfuscation in malware. For LLM-based code-related tasks,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Minyu Chen , Guoqiang Li , Ling-I Wu , Ruibang Liu

As the adoption of Deep Learning (DL) systems continues to rise, an increasing number of approaches are being proposed to test these systems, localise faults within them, and repair those faults. The best attestation of effectiveness for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Gunel Jahangirova , Nargiz Humbatova , Jinhan Kim , Shin Yoo , Paolo Tonella

As Deep Learning (DL) systems are widely deployed for mission-critical applications, debugging such systems becomes essential. Most existing works identify and repair suspicious neurons on the trained Deep Neural Network (DNN), which,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Jialun Cao , Meiziniu Li , Xiao Chen , Ming Wen , Yongqiang Tian , Bo Wu , Shing-Chi Cheung

The increasing inclusion of Machine Learning (ML) models in safety critical systems like autonomous cars have led to the development of multiple model-based ML testing techniques. One common denominator of these testing techniques is their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-09 Houssem Ben Braiek , Foutse Khomh

The growing application of deep neural networks in safety-critical domains makes the analysis of faults that occur in such systems of enormous importance. In this paper we introduce a large taxonomy of faults in deep learning (DL) systems.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Nargiz Humbatova , Gunel Jahangirova , Gabriele Bavota , Vincenzo Riccio , Andrea Stocco , Paolo Tonella

A growing body of research has been dedicated to DL model testing. However, there is still limited work on testing DL libraries, which serve as the foundations for building, training, and running DL models. Prior work on fuzzing DL…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Yinlin Deng , Chenyuan Yang , Anjiang Wei , Lingming Zhang

Theories over strings are among the most heavily researched logical theories in the SMT community in the past decade, owing to the error-prone nature of string manipulations, which often leads to security vulnerabilities (e.g. cross-site…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Shuanglong Kan , Anthony W. Lin , Philipp Rümmer , Micha Schrader

The rapidly developing deep learning (DL) techniques have been applied in software systems with various application scenarios. However, they could also pose new safety threats with potentially serious consequences, especially in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Pin Ji , Yang Feng , Duo Wu , Lingyue Yan , Pengling Chen , Jia Liu , Zhihong Zhao

Deep Learning (DL) systems are key enablers for engineering intelligent applications due to their ability to solve complex tasks such as image recognition and machine translation. Nevertheless, using DL systems in safety- and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Simos Gerasimou , Hasan Ferit Eniser , Alper Sen , Alper Cakan

Deep learning (DL) frameworks are the fundamental infrastructure for various DL applications. Framework defects can profoundly cause disastrous accidents, thus requiring sufficient detection. In previous studies, researchers adopt DL models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Yanzhou Mu , Juan Zhai , Chunrong Fang , Xiang Chen , Zhixiang Cao , Peiran Yang , Yinglong Zou , Tao Zheng , Zhenyu Chen

Deep learning (DL) has become an integral part of solutions to various important problems, which is why ensuring the quality of DL systems is essential. One of the challenges of achieving reliability and robustness of DL software is to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-09 E. Kloberdanz , K. G. Kloberdanz , W. Le

Measuring the confidence of AI models is critical for safely deploying AI in real-world industrial systems. One important application of confidence measurement is information extraction from scanned documents. However, there exists no…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Bao-Sinh Nguyen , Quang-Bach Tran , Tuan-Anh Nguyen Dang , Duc Nguyen , Hung Le

Deep Learning (DL) frameworks are now widely used, simplifying the creation of complex models as well as their integration to various applications even to non DL experts. However, like any other programs, they are prone to bugs. This paper…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Florian Tambon , Amin Nikanjam , Le An , Foutse Khomh , Giuliano Antoniol

Deep learning (DL) libraries are widely used in critical applications, where even subtle silent bugs can lead to serious consequences. While existing DL fuzzing techniques have made progress in detecting crashes, they inherently struggle to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Kunpeng Zhang , Dongwei Xiao , Daoyuan Wu , Shuai Wang , Jiali Zhao , Yuanyi Lin , Tongtong Xu , Shaohua Wang

Testing RESTful API is increasingly important in quality assurance of cloud-native applications. Recent advances in machine learning (ML) techniques have demonstrated that various testing activities can be performed automatically by large…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Xiaoke Han , Hong Zhu