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Current mainstream post-training quantization methods for large language models typically apply a uniform quantization strategy across all network layers, overlooking the substantial differences in algorithmic suitability among layers. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Jinhao Zhang , Yunquan Zhang , Daning Chen , JunSun , Zicheng Yan

Large language models (LLMs) demand substantial computational and memory resources, creating deployment challenges. Quantization-aware training (QAT) addresses these challenges by reducing model precision while maintaining performance.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Mengzhao Chen , Chaoyi Zhang , Jing Liu , Yutao Zeng , Zeyue Xue , Zhiheng Liu , Yunshui Li , Jin Ma , Jie Huang , Xun Zhou , Ping Luo

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the principles, challenges, and methodologies associated with quantizing large-scale neural network models. As neural networks have evolved towards larger and more complex architectures to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Yanshu Wang , Tong Yang , Xiyan Liang , Guoan Wang , Hanning Lu , Xu Zhe , Yaoming Li , Li Weitao

Quantization has emerged as a promising technique for improving the memory and computational efficiency of large language models (LLMs). Though the trade-off between performance and efficiency is well-known, there is still much to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Zhuocheng Gong , Jiahao Liu , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Dongyan Zhao , Rui Yan

Although post-training quantization (PTQ) provides an efficient numerical compression scheme for deploying large language models (LLMs) on resource-constrained devices, the representativeness and universality of calibration data remain a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Haiyang Xiao , Weiqing Li , Jinyue Guo , Guochao Jiang , Guohua Liu , Yuewei Zhang

Low-bit activation quantization remains a major bottleneck in efficient large language model (LLM) deployment. The difficulty is not only that activations contain outliers, but that their distributions are often poorly matched to a low-bit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Ke Li , Dong An , Xiaoling Zang , Can Ye , Liang Xie , Qibo Qiu , Chen Shen , Xiaofei He , Wenxiao Wang

Quantization for deep neural networks have afforded models for edge devices that use less on-board memory and enable efficient low-power inference. In this paper, we present a comparison of model-parameter driven quantization approaches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-14 Prateeth Nayak , David Zhang , Sek Chai

Efficient deployment of large language models (LLMs) requires extreme quantization, forcing a critical trade-off between low-bit efficiency and performance. Residual binarization enables hardware-friendly, matmul-free inference by stacking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Youngcheon You , Banseok Lee , Minseop Choi , Seonyoung Kim , Hyochan Chong , Changdong Kim , Youngmin Kim , Dongkyu Kim

Quantization-aware training (QAT) and Knowledge Distillation (KD) are combined to achieve competitive performance in creating low-bit deep learning models. Existing KD and QAT works focus on improving the accuracy of quantized models from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Justin Kur , Kaiqi Zhao

Large language models~(LLMs) have recently demonstrated promising performance in many tasks. However, the high storage and computational cost of LLMs has become a challenge for deploying LLMs. Weight quantization has been widely used for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Wen-Pu Cai , Ming-Yang Li , Wu-Jun Li

Recently, quantization has been widely used for the compression and acceleration of large language models (LLMs). Due to the outliers in LLMs, it is crucial to flatten weights and activations to minimize quantization error with equally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yuxuan Sun , Ruikang Liu , Haoli Bai , Han Bao , Kang Zhao , Yuening Li , Jiaxin Hu , Xianzhi Yu , Lu Hou , Chun Yuan , Xin Jiang , Wulong Liu , Jun Yao

Knowledge Distillation (KD) is a critical tool for training Large Language Models (LLMs), yet the majority of research focuses on approaches that rely solely on output logits, neglecting semantic information in the teacher's intermediate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Maxime Guigon , Lucas Dixon , Michaël E. Sander

QLoRA reduces the memory-cost of fine-tuning a large language model (LLM) with LoRA by quantizing the base LLM. However, quantization introduces quantization errors that negatively impact model performance after fine-tuning. In this paper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Neal Lawton , Aishwarya Padmakumar , Judith Gaspers , Jack FitzGerald , Anoop Kumar , Greg Ver Steeg , Aram Galstyan

Post-training quantization (PTQ) has played a key role in compressing large language models (LLMs) with ultra-low costs. However, existing PTQ methods only focus on handling the outliers within one layer or one block, which ignores the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Xin Ding , Xiaoyu Liu , Zhijun Tu , Yun Zhang , Wei Li , Jie Hu , Hanting Chen , Yehui Tang , Zhiwei Xiong , Baoqun Yin , Yunhe Wang

Large language models have driven significant progress in natural language processing, but their deployment requires substantial compute and memory resources. As models scale, compression techniques become essential for balancing model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Vithursan Thangarasa , Ganesh Venkatesh , Mike Lasby , Nish Sinnadurai , Sean Lie

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency across a wide range of tasks. However, LLMs often require larger batch sizes to enhance throughput or longer context lengths to meet task demands, which significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Zhihang Cai , Xingjun Zhang , Zhendong Tan , Zheng Wei

The rapid scaling of language models (LMs) has resulted in unprecedented computational, memory, and energy requirements, making their training and deployment increasingly unsustainable. Quantization has emerged as an essential compression…

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides towards Artificial General Intelligence. However, training these models from scratch requires substantial computational resources and vast amounts of text data. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Wenzhen Zheng , Wenbo Pan , Xu Xu , Libo Qin , Li Yue , Ming Zhou

Large language models with billions of parameters are often over-provisioned: many layers contribute little unique information yet dominate the memory and energy footprint during inference. We present LieQ Layer-wise information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 He Xiao , Qingyao Yang , Dirui Xie , Wendong Xu , Zunhai Su , Runming yang , Wenyong Zhou , Haobo Liu , Zhengwu Liu , Ngai Wong

Large-scale language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance, but their deployment presents challenges due to their significant memory usage. This issue can be alleviated through quantization. In this paper, we identify that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Zhihang Yuan , Lin Niu , Jiawei Liu , Wenyu Liu , Xinggang Wang , Yuzhang Shang , Guangyu Sun , Qiang Wu , Jiaxiang Wu , Bingzhe Wu
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