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Objective: This study investigates the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) as an alternative to human expert elicitation for extracting structured causal knowledge and facilitating causal modeling in biometric and healthcare…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Olha Shaposhnyk , Daria Zahorska , Svetlana Yanushkevich

Scientific Large Language Models (Sci-LLMs) are transforming how knowledge is represented, integrated, and applied in scientific research, yet their progress is shaped by the complex nature of scientific data. This survey presents a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Ming Hu , Chenglong Ma , Wei Li , Wanghan Xu , Jiamin Wu , Jucheng Hu , Tianbin Li , Guohang Zhuang , Jiaqi Liu , Yingzhou Lu , Ying Chen , Chaoyang Zhang , Cheng Tan , Jie Ying , Guocheng Wu , Shujian Gao , Pengcheng Chen , Jiashi Lin , Haitao Wu , Lulu Chen , Fengxiang Wang , Yuanyuan Zhang , Xiangyu Zhao , Feilong Tang , Encheng Su , Junzhi Ning , Xinyao Liu , Ye Du , Changkai Ji , Pengfei Jiang , Cheng Tang , Ziyan Huang , Jiyao Liu , Jiaqi Wei , Yuejin Yang , Xiang Zhang , Guangshuai Wang , Yue Yang , Huihui Xu , Ziyang Chen , Yizhou Wang , Chen Tang , Jianyu Wu , Yuchen Ren , Siyuan Yan , Zhonghua Wang , Zhongxing Xu , Shiyan Su , Shangquan Sun , Runkai Zhao , Zhisheng Zhang , Dingkang Yang , Jinjie Wei , Jiaqi Wang , Jiahao Xu , Jiangtao Yan , Wenhao Tang , Hongze Zhu , Yu Liu , Fudi Wang , Yiqing Shen , Yuanfeng Ji , Yanzhou Su , Tong Xie , Hongming Shan , Chun-Mei Feng , Zhi Hou , Diping Song , Lihao Liu , Yanyan Huang , Lequan Yu , Bin Fu , Shujun Wang , Xiaomeng Li , Xiaowei Hu , Yun Gu , Ben Fei , Benyou Wang , Yuewen Cao , Minjie Shen , Jie Xu , Haodong Duan , Fang Yan , Hongxia Hao , Jielan Li , Jiajun Du , Yanbo Wang , Imran Razzak , Zhongying Deng , Chi Zhang , Lijun Wu , Conghui He , Zhaohui Lu , Jinhai Huang , Wenqi Shao , Yihao Liu , Siqi Luo , Yi Xin , Xiaohong Liu , Fenghua Ling , Yuqiang Li , Aoran Wang , Siqi Sun , Qihao Zheng , Nanqing Dong , Tianfan Fu , Dongzhan Zhou , Yan Lu , Wenlong Zhang , Jin Ye , Jianfei Cai , Yirong Chen , Wanli Ouyang , Yu Qiao , Zongyuan Ge , Shixiang Tang , Junjun He , Chunfeng Song , Lei Bai , Bowen Zhou

The summarization capabilities of pretrained and large language models (LLMs) have been widely validated in general areas, but their use in scientific corpus, which involves complex sentences and specialized knowledge, has been less…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Xiuying Chen , Tairan Wang , Qingqing Zhu , Taicheng Guo , Shen Gao , Zhiyong Lu , Xin Gao , Xiangliang Zhang

Objectives: To evaluate the current limitations of large language models (LLMs) in medical question answering, focusing on the quality of datasets used for their evaluation. Materials and Methods: Widely-used benchmark datasets, including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Mahmoud Alwakeel , Aditya Nagori , Vijay Krishnamoorthy , Rishikesan Kamaleswaran

The proliferation of fake news has had far-reaching implications on politics, the economy, and society at large. While Fake news detection methods have been employed to mitigate this issue, they primarily depend on two essential elements:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Guanghua Li , Wensheng Lu , Wei Zhang , Defu Lian , Kezhong Lu , Rui Mao , Kai Shu , Hao Liao

Large language models (LLMs) process and predict sequences containing text to answer questions, and address tasks including document summarization, providing recommendations, writing software and solving quantitative problems. We provide a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-02 Ricardo Baptista , Andrew Stuart , Son Tran

Large Language Models (LLMs) store an extensive amount of factual knowledge obtained from vast collections of text. To effectively utilize these models for downstream tasks, it is crucial to have reliable methods for measuring their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Pouya Pezeshkpour

Large language models (LLMs) are transforming the ways the general public accesses and consumes information. Their influence is particularly pronounced in pivotal sectors like healthcare, where lay individuals are increasingly appropriating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Yiqiao Jin , Mohit Chandra , Gaurav Verma , Yibo Hu , Munmun De Choudhury , Srijan Kumar

To advance foundation Large Language Models (LLMs) for combustion science, this study presents the first end-to-end framework for developing domain-specialized models for the combustion community. The framework comprises an AI-ready…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Zonglin Yang , Runze Mao , Tianhao Wu , Han Li , QingGuo Zhou , Zhi X. Chen

In response to the pressing need for advanced clinical problem-solving tools in healthcare, we introduce BooksMed, a novel framework based on a Large Language Model (LLM). BooksMed uniquely emulates human cognitive processes to deliver…

Large language models (LLMs) are playing an increasingly important role in scientific research, yet there remains a lack of comprehensive benchmarks to evaluate the breadth and depth of scientific knowledge embedded in these models. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Kehua Feng , Xinyi Shen , Weijie Wang , Xiang Zhuang , Yuqi Tang , Qiang Zhang , Keyan Ding

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained immense attention due to their notable emergent capabilities, surpassing those seen in earlier language models. A particularly intriguing application of LLMs is their role as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Xue-Yong Fu , Md Tahmid Rahman Laskar , Cheng Chen , Shashi Bhushan TN

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly changing how researchers in materials science and chemistry discover, organize, and act on scientific knowledge. This paper analyzes a broad set of community-developed LLM applications in an effort…

Materials Science · Physics 2026-05-06 Aritra Roy , Kevin Shen , Andrew MacBride , Awwal Oladipupo , Mudassra Taskeen , Wojtek Treyde , Ruaa A. E. A. Abakar , Ahmad D. Abbas , Elsayed Abdelfatah , Abbas A. Abdullahi , Seham S. Abyah , Chahd Rahyl Adjmi , Fariha Agbere , Savyasanchi Aggarwal , Muhammad Ahmed , Tasnim Ahmed , Motasem Ajlouni , Mattias Akke , Hussein AlAdwan , Anwaar S. Alazani , Zahra A. Alharbi , Wajd A. Aljulyhi , Mohammed A. AlKubaish , Fatima A. Almahri , Sayed A. Almohri , David Obeh Alobo , Mohammed Alouni , Azizah S. Alqahtani , Omar Alsaigh , Husain Althagafi , Md. Aqib Aman , Lena Ara , Arifin , Ignacio Arretche , Abdulaziz Ashy , Syeda A. Asim , Amro Aswad , Adeel Atta , Sören Auer , Abdullah al Azmi , Toheeb Balogun , Suvo Banik , Viktoriia Baibakova , Shakira A. Baksh , Neus G. Bastús , Christina J. Bayard , Adib Bazgir , Louis Beal , Lejla Biberić , Wahid Billah , Ankita Biswas , Joshua Bocarsly , Montassar T. Bouzidi , Esma B. Boydas , Youssef Briki , Cailin Buchanan , Mauricio Cafiero , Damien Caliste , Yi Cao , Rafael E. Castañeda , Sruthy K. Chandy , Benjamin Charmes , Shayantan Chaudhuri , Yiming Chen , Alexander Chen , Jieneng Chen , Min-Hsueh Chiu , Defne Circi , Cinthya H. Contreras , Yoann Cure , Nathan Daelman , Roshini Dantuluri , Thomas Davy , William Dawson , Leonid Didukh , Rui Ding , Aminu R. Doguwa , Claudia Draxl , Sathya Edamadaka , Oulaya Elargab , Christina Ertural , Matthew L. Evans , Edvin Fako , Hossam Farag , Nur A. Fathurrahman , Merve Fedai , Rodrigo P. Ferreira , Giuseppe Fisicaro , Thomas Frank , Sasi K. Gaddipati , Abhijeet Gangan , Jennifer Garland , James Garrick , Luigi Genovese , Maryam Ghadrdran , Sandip Giri , Maxime Goulet , Jeremy Goumaz , Sara U. Gracia , Jacob Graham , Gabriel Graves , Kevin P. Greenman , Tim Greitemeier , Cameron Gruich , Sophie Gu , Salomé Guilbert , Hans Gundlach , Muriel F. Gusta , Mourad El Haddaoui , Alexander J. Haibel , Anubhab Haldar , Vehaan Handa , Hassan Harb , Nathan D. Harms , Abdullah Al Hasan , Abir Hassan , Qiyao He , Andrés Henao-Aristizábal , Bram Hoex , Sungil Hong , Alexander J. Horvath , Md. Shaib Hossain , Yanqi Huang , Yuqing Huang , Kostiantyn Hubaiev , Donald Intal , Katherine Inzani , Kevin Ishimwe , Tugba Isik , Gopal R. Iyer , Katharina Jager , Jan Janssen , Hyewon Jeong , Michael Jirasek , Tyler R. Josephson , Nisarg Joshi , Yassir Ben Kacem , Remya A. M. Kalapurakal , Rakesh R. Kamath , Sugan Kanagasenthinathan , Dohun Kang , Jason Kantorow , Kübra Kaygisiz , Murat Keceli , Farhana Keya , Muhammad U. Khan , Sartaaj Takrim Khan , Hyungjun Kim , Alexander Kister , Sascha Klawohn , Collin Kovacs , Pranav Krishnan , Maurycy Kryzanowski , Ritesh Kumar , Suman Kumari , Gourav Kumbhojkar , Ryo Kuroki , Shashank Kushwaha , Magdalena Lederbauer , Jaejun Lee , Seunghan Lee , Jeonghwan Lee , Bingcan Li , Calvin Li , Zhanzhao Li , Shi Li , Shicheng Li , Chengyan Liu , Hao Liu , Tung Yan Liu , Yutong Liu , Lucia Vina-Lopez , Chayaphol Lortaraparsert , Andre K. Y. Low , Saffron Luxford , Carlos Madariaga , Rishikesh Magar , Piyush R. Maharana , Rahul Mallela , Shoaib Mahmud , Natesan Mani , Umair Mansoor , Omar B. Mansour , Cassandra Masschelein , Kinga O. Mastej , Ankit Mathanker , Jeffrey Meng , Omran Mezghani , Yidong Ming , Rishav Mitra , Michail Mitsakis , Matthew Miyagishima , Ravikumar Mohan , Naveen R. Mohanraj , Trupti Mohanty , Bernadette Mohr , Francisco A. Molina-Bakhos , Jeremy Monat , Seyed Mohamad Moosavi , Shayan Mousavi , Arman Moussavi , Rubel Mozumber , Muhammad J. Mufti , Diyana Muhammed , Ram Munde , Mrigi Munjal , José A. Márquez , Shankha Nag , Giacomo Nagaro , Juno Nam , Jose M. Napoles-Duarte , Ry Nduma , Xuan-Vu Nguyen , Ebrahim Norouzi , Oluwatosin Ohiro , Ryotaro Okabe , Viejay Ordillo , Shuichiro Ozawa , Sebastian Pagel , Daniel Palmer , Angela Pan , Akash Pandey , Vivek Pandit , Prakul Pandit , Chiku Parida , Jaehee Park , Hyunsoo Park , Hemangi Patel , Shakul Pathak , Taradutt Pattnaik , Elena Patyukova , Noah Paulson , Deepak S. Pendyala , Erick S. Pepek , Martin H. Petersen , Thang D. Pham , Aniket Phutane , Sabila K. Pinky , Étienne Polack , Alison Polasik , Maria Politi , Tim Pongratz , Akhila Ponugoti , Fabio Priante , Thomas Michael Pruyn , Sai S. Puppala , Mohammad A. Qazi , Heike Quosdorf , Gollam Rabby , Mohammad J. Raei , Md. Habibur Rahman , A. B. M. Ashikur Rahman , Subhashree Rajasekaran , Tawfiqur Rakib , Hemanth N. Ramesh , Vrushali Ranadive , Karnamohit Ranka , Bojana Rankovic , Adwaith Ravichandran , Ilija Rašović , Sergei Rigin , Tatem Rios , Varun Rishi , Victor Naden Robinson , Lucas S. Rodrigues , Oswaldo Rodriguez , Mahule Roy , Diptendu Roy , Subhas Roy , Arokia Anto Royan M , Joseph F. Rudzinski , Muhammad Sabih , Subramanyam Sahoo , Srusti Bheem Sain , Thahira Saliya , Vignesh Sampath , Jesus Diaz Sanchez , Arthur S. S. Santos , Muliady Satria , Hasan M. Sayeed , Jörg Schaarschmidt , Philippe Schwaller , Nofit Segal , Abhishec Senthilvel , Sherjeel Shabih , Devanshu Shah , Faezeh Shahmoradi , Samiha Sharlin , Killian Sheriff , Qiuyu Shi , Abubakar D. Shuaibu , Ayesha Siddiqua , M. A. Shadab Siddiqui , Darian Smalley , Benjamin Smith , Taylor D. Sparks , Daniel T. Speckhard , Elena Stojanovska , Akshay Subramanian , Jiwon Sun , Yunkai Sun , Abdul W. Syed , Souvik Ta , Izumi Takahara , Kelly Tallau , Guannan Tang , Ans B. Tariq , Sui X. Tay , Nurlybek Temirbay , Surya P. Tiwari , Febin Tom , Tajah Trapier , Kasidet J. Trerayapiwat , Samanvya Tripathi , Hawra H. Tuhaifa , Mustafa Unal , Mohammad Uzair , Vallabh Vasudevan , Estefania Vazquez , Victor Venturi , Rahul Verma , Ashwini Verma , Alvaro Vazquez-Mayagoitia , Nicholas Wagner , Araki Wakiuchi , Hao Wan , Liaoyaqi Wang , Wolfgang Wenzel , Alexander Wieczorek , Sze H. Wong , Yue Wu , Tong Xie , Andrew Yi , Ziqi Yin , Jodie A. Yuwono , Nahed A. Zaid , Mohd Zaki , Shehtab Zaman , Maimuna U. Zarewa , Mahtab Zehtab , Baosen Zhang , Wenyu Zhang , Melody Zhang , Yangfan Zhang , Yuwen Zhang , Runze Zhang , Zongmin Zhang , Huanhuan Zhao , Yuanlong Bill Zheng , Ramzi Zidani , Xue Zong , Ian Foster , Ben Blaiszik

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly sophisticated and ubiquitous in natural language processing (NLP) applications, ensuring their robustness, trustworthiness, and alignment with human values has become a critical challenge.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Wrick Talukdar , Anjanava Biswas

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated substantial progress in biomedical and clinical applications, motivating rigorous evaluation of their ability to answer nuanced, evidence-based questions. We curate a multi-source benchmark…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Can Wang , Yiqun Chen

Hypothesis formulation and testing are central to empirical research. A strong hypothesis is a best guess based on existing evidence and informed by a comprehensive view of relevant literature. However, with exponential increase in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Sai Koneru , Jian Wu , Sarah Rajtmajer

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely applied in various professional fields. By fine-tuning the models using domain specific question and answer datasets, the professional domain knowledge and Q\&A abilities of these models have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Qimin Yang , Rongsheng Wang , Jiexin Chen , Runqi Su , Tao Tan

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly support applications in a wide range of domains, some with potential high societal impact such as biomedicine, yet their reliability in realistic use cases is under-researched. In this work we…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success in various tasks such as natural language understanding, text summarization, and machine translation. However, their general-purpose nature often limits their effectiveness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Zirui Song , Bin Yan , Yuhan Liu , Miao Fang , Mingzhe Li , Rui Yan , Xiuying Chen

The exponential growth of text-based data in domains such as healthcare, education, and social sciences has outpaced the capacity of traditional qualitative analysis methods, which are time-intensive and prone to subjectivity. Large…