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Caution: this paper may include material that could be offensive or distressing. The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) necessitates the development of training approaches that mitigate the generation of unethical language and aptly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Sungjoo Byun , Dongjun Jang , Hyemi Jo , Hyopil Shin

Advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have increased the performance of different natural language understanding as well as generation tasks. Although LLMs have breached the state-of-the-art performance in various tasks, they often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Charaka Vinayak Kumar , Ashok Urlana , Gopichand Kanumolu , Bala Mallikarjunarao Garlapati , Pruthwik Mishra

Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have dramatically advanced the research field and delivered powerful vision-language understanding capabilities. However, these models often inherit deep-rooted social biases from their training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Harry Cheng , Yangyang Guo , Qingpei Guo , Ming Yang , Tian Gan , Weili Guan , Liqiang Nie

We introduce HyperCLOVA X, a family of large language models (LLMs) tailored to the Korean language and culture, along with competitive capabilities in English, math, and coding. HyperCLOVA X was trained on a balanced mix of Korean,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Kang Min Yoo , Jaegeun Han , Sookyo In , Heewon Jeon , Jisu Jeong , Jaewook Kang , Hyunwook Kim , Kyung-Min Kim , Munhyong Kim , Sungju Kim , Donghyun Kwak , Hanock Kwak , Se Jung Kwon , Bado Lee , Dongsoo Lee , Gichang Lee , Jooho Lee , Baeseong Park , Seongjin Shin , Joonsang Yu , Seolki Baek , Sumin Byeon , Eungsup Cho , Dooseok Choe , Jeesung Han , Youngkyun Jin , Hyein Jun , Jaeseung Jung , Chanwoong Kim , Jinhong Kim , Jinuk Kim , Dokyeong Lee , Dongwook Park , Jeong Min Sohn , Sujung Han , Jiae Heo , Sungju Hong , Mina Jeon , Hyunhoon Jung , Jungeun Jung , Wangkyo Jung , Chungjoon Kim , Hyeri Kim , Jonghyun Kim , Min Young Kim , Soeun Lee , Joonhee Park , Jieun Shin , Sojin Yang , Jungsoon Yoon , Hwaran Lee , Sanghwan Bae , Jeehwan Cha , Karl Gylleus , Donghoon Ham , Mihak Hong , Youngki Hong , Yunki Hong , Dahyun Jang , Hyojun Jeon , Yujin Jeon , Yeji Jeong , Myunggeun Ji , Yeguk Jin , Chansong Jo , Shinyoung Joo , Seunghwan Jung , Adrian Jungmyung Kim , Byoung Hoon Kim , Hyomin Kim , Jungwhan Kim , Minkyoung Kim , Minseung Kim , Sungdong Kim , Yonghee Kim , Youngjun Kim , Youngkwan Kim , Donghyeon Ko , Dughyun Lee , Ha Young Lee , Jaehong Lee , Jieun Lee , Jonghyun Lee , Jongjin Lee , Min Young Lee , Yehbin Lee , Taehong Min , Yuri Min , Kiyoon Moon , Hyangnam Oh , Jaesun Park , Kyuyon Park , Younghun Park , Hanbae Seo , Seunghyun Seo , Mihyun Sim , Gyubin Son , Matt Yeo , Kyung Hoon Yeom , Wonjoon Yoo , Myungin You , Doheon Ahn , Homin Ahn , Joohee Ahn , Seongmin Ahn , Chanwoo An , Hyeryun An , Junho An , Sang-Min An , Boram Byun , Eunbin Byun , Jongho Cha , Minji Chang , Seunggyu Chang , Haesong Cho , Youngdo Cho , Dalnim Choi , Daseul Choi , Hyoseok Choi , Minseong Choi , Sangho Choi , Seongjae Choi , Wooyong Choi , Sewhan Chun , Dong Young Go , Chiheon Ham , Danbi Han , Jaemin Han , Moonyoung Hong , Sung Bum Hong , Dong-Hyun Hwang , Seongchan Hwang , Jinbae Im , Hyuk Jin Jang , Jaehyung Jang , Jaeni Jang , Sihyeon Jang , Sungwon Jang , Joonha Jeon , Daun Jeong , Joonhyun Jeong , Kyeongseok Jeong , Mini Jeong , Sol Jin , Hanbyeol Jo , Hanju Jo , Minjung Jo , Chaeyoon Jung , Hyungsik Jung , Jaeuk Jung , Ju Hwan Jung , Kwangsun Jung , Seungjae Jung , Soonwon Ka , Donghan Kang , Soyoung Kang , Taeho Kil , Areum Kim , Beomyoung Kim , Byeongwook Kim , Daehee Kim , Dong-Gyun Kim , Donggook Kim , Donghyun Kim , Euna Kim , Eunchul Kim , Geewook Kim , Gyu Ri Kim , Hanbyul Kim , Heesu Kim , Isaac Kim , Jeonghoon Kim , Jihye Kim , Joonghoon Kim , Minjae Kim , Minsub Kim , Pil Hwan Kim , Sammy Kim , Seokhun Kim , Seonghyeon Kim , Soojin Kim , Soong Kim , Soyoon Kim , Sunyoung Kim , Taeho Kim , Wonho Kim , Yoonsik Kim , You Jin Kim , Yuri Kim , Beomseok Kwon , Ohsung Kwon , Yoo-Hwan Kwon , Anna Lee , Byungwook Lee , Changho Lee , Daun Lee , Dongjae Lee , Ha-Ram Lee , Hodong Lee , Hwiyeong Lee , Hyunmi Lee , Injae Lee , Jaeung Lee , Jeongsang Lee , Jisoo Lee , Jongsoo Lee , Joongjae Lee , Juhan Lee , Jung Hyun Lee , Junghoon Lee , Junwoo Lee , Se Yun Lee , Sujin Lee , Sungjae Lee , Sungwoo Lee , Wonjae Lee , Zoo Hyun Lee , Jong Kun Lim , Kun Lim , Taemin Lim , Nuri Na , Jeongyeon Nam , Kyeong-Min Nam , Yeonseog Noh , Biro Oh , Jung-Sik Oh , Solgil Oh , Yeontaek Oh , Boyoun Park , Cheonbok Park , Dongju Park , Hyeonjin Park , Hyun Tae Park , Hyunjung Park , Jihye Park , Jooseok Park , Junghwan Park , Jungsoo Park , Miru Park , Sang Hee Park , Seunghyun Park , Soyoung Park , Taerim Park , Wonkyeong Park , Hyunjoon Ryu , Jeonghun Ryu , Nahyeon Ryu , Soonshin Seo , Suk Min Seo , Yoonjeong Shim , Kyuyong Shin , Wonkwang Shin , Hyun Sim , Woongseob Sim , Hyejin Soh , Bokyong Son , Hyunjun Son , Seulah Son , Chi-Yun Song , Chiyoung Song , Ka Yeon Song , Minchul Song , Seungmin Song , Jisung Wang , Yonggoo Yeo , Myeong Yeon Yi , Moon Bin Yim , Taehwan Yoo , Youngjoon Yoo , Sungmin Yoon , Young Jin Yoon , Hangyeol Yu , Ui Seon Yu , Xingdong Zuo , Jeongin Bae , Joungeun Bae , Hyunsoo Cho , Seonghyun Cho , Yongjin Cho , Taekyoon Choi , Yera Choi , Jiwan Chung , Zhenghui Han , Byeongho Heo , Euisuk Hong , Taebaek Hwang , Seonyeol Im , Sumin Jegal , Sumin Jeon , Yelim Jeong , Yonghyun Jeong , Can Jiang , Juyong Jiang , Jiho Jin , Ara Jo , Younghyun Jo , Hoyoun Jung , Juyoung Jung , Seunghyeong Kang , Dae Hee Kim , Ginam Kim , Hangyeol Kim , Heeseung Kim , Hyojin Kim , Hyojun Kim , Hyun-Ah Kim , Jeehye Kim , Jin-Hwa Kim , Jiseon Kim , Jonghak Kim , Jung Yoon Kim , Rak Yeong Kim , Seongjin Kim , Seoyoon Kim , Sewon Kim , Sooyoung Kim , Sukyoung Kim , Taeyong Kim , Naeun Ko , Bonseung Koo , Heeyoung Kwak , Haena Kwon , Youngjin Kwon , Boram Lee , Bruce W. Lee , Dagyeong Lee , Erin Lee , Euijin Lee , Ha Gyeong Lee , Hyojin Lee , Hyunjeong Lee , Jeeyoon Lee , Jeonghyun Lee , Jongheok Lee , Joonhyung Lee , Junhyuk Lee , Mingu Lee , Nayeon Lee , Sangkyu Lee , Se Young Lee , Seulgi Lee , Seung Jin Lee , Suhyeon Lee , Yeonjae Lee , Yesol Lee , Youngbeom Lee , Yujin Lee , Shaodong Li , Tianyu Liu , Seong-Eun Moon , Taehong Moon , Max-Lasse Nihlenramstroem , Wonseok Oh , Yuri Oh , Hongbeen Park , Hyekyung Park , Jaeho Park , Nohil Park , Sangjin Park , Jiwon Ryu , Miru Ryu , Simo Ryu , Ahreum Seo , Hee Seo , Kangdeok Seo , Jamin Shin , Seungyoun Shin , Heetae Sin , Jiangping Wang , Lei Wang , Ning Xiang , Longxiang Xiao , Jing Xu , Seonyeong Yi , Haanju Yoo , Haneul Yoo , Hwanhee Yoo , Liang Yu , Youngjae Yu , Weijie Yuan , Bo Zeng , Qian Zhou , Kyunghyun Cho , Jung-Woo Ha , Joonsuk Park , Jihyun Hwang , Hyoung Jo Kwon , Soonyong Kwon , Jungyeon Lee , Seungho Lee , Seonghyeon Lim , Hyunkyung Noh , Seungho Choi , Sang-Woo Lee , Jung Hwa Lim , Nako Sung

Cheap-to-Build Very Large-Language Models (CtB-LLMs) with affordable training are emerging as the next big revolution in natural language processing and understanding. These CtB-LLMs are democratizing access to trainable Very Large-Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Leonardo Ranaldi , Elena Sofia Ruzzetti , Davide Venditti , Dario Onorati , Fabio Massimo Zanzotto

With the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) possessing increasingly impressive capabilities, a number of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have been proposed to augment LLMs with visual inputs. Such models condition generated text on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Phillip Howard , Kathleen C. Fraser , Anahita Bhiwandiwalla , Svetlana Kiritchenko

With the rapid development of large language models (LLMs), they have significantly improved efficiency across a wide range of domains. However, recent studies have revealed that LLMs often exhibit gender bias, leading to serious social…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Xiaoqing Cheng , Hongying Zan , Lulu Kong , Jinwang Song , Min Peng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced natural language processing applications, yet their widespread use raises concerns regarding inherent biases that may reduce utility or harm for particular social groups. Despite the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Bo Pang , Tingrui Qiao , Caroline Walker , Chris Cunningham , Yun Sing Koh

Large Language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have gained popularity in recent years with the advancement of Natural Language Processing (NLP), with use cases spanning many disciplines and daily lives as well. LLMs inherit explicit and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Fatima Kazi

Large Language Models (LLMs) often inherit biases from the web data they are trained on, which contains stereotypes and prejudices. Current methods for evaluating and mitigating these biases rely on bias-benchmark datasets. These benchmarks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Priyanshul Govil , Hemang Jain , Vamshi Krishna Bonagiri , Aman Chadha , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru , Manas Gaur , Sanorita Dey

The use of language technologies in high-stake settings is increasing in recent years, mostly motivated by the success of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, despite the great performance of LLMs, they are are susceptible to ethical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Alejandro Peña , Julian Fierrez , Aythami Morales , Gonzalo Mancera , Miguel Lopez , Ruben Tolosana

Large Language Models (LLMs) are trained primarily on minimally processed web text, which exhibits the same wide range of social biases held by the humans who created that content. Consequently, text generated by LLMs can inadvertently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Harnoor Dhingra , Preetiha Jayashanker , Sayali Moghe , Emma Strubell

Although LLMs have made significant progress in various languages, there are still concerns about their effectiveness with low-resource agglutinative languages compared to languages such as English. In this study, we focused on Korean, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Seunguk Yu , Kyeonghyun Kim , Jungmin Yun , Youngbin Kim

Large Language Models (LLM) have made significant advances in the recent past becoming more mainstream in Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled human-facing applications. However, LLMs often generate stereotypical output inherited from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Wu Zekun , Sahan Bulathwela , Adriano Soares Koshiyama

Large Language Models are being used in conversational agents that simulate human conversations and generate social studies data. While concerns about the models' biases have been raised and discussed in the literature, much about the data…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Guido Ivetta , Laura Moradbakhti , Rafael A. Calvo

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being utilised across a range of tasks and domains, with a burgeoning interest in their application within the field of journalism. This trend raises concerns due to our limited understanding of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Filip Trhlik , Pontus Stenetorp

As LLMs are increasingly deployed in real-world interactions, their social reasoning in interpersonal communication becomes critical. To explore their capabilities, we introduce SCRIPTS, a 1.1k-dialogue dataset in English and Korean,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Eunsu Kim , Junyeong Park , Juhyun Oh , Kiwoong Park , Seyoung Song , A. Seza Doğruöz , Alice Oh , Najoung Kim

As large language models (LLMs) are adopted into frameworks that grant them the capacity to make real decisions, it is increasingly important to ensure that they are unbiased. In this paper, we argue that the predominant approach of simply…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Addison J. Wu , Ryan Liu , Xuechunzi Bai , Thomas L. Griffiths

As language models (LMs) become increasingly powerful and widely used, it is important to quantify them for sociodemographic bias with potential for harm. Prior measures of bias are sensitive to perturbations in the templates designed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Vipul Gupta , Pranav Narayanan Venkit , Hugo Laurençon , Shomir Wilson , Rebecca J. Passonneau

As large language models (LLMs) become an important way of information access, there have been increasing concerns that LLMs may intensify the spread of unethical content, including implicit bias that hurts certain populations without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Yuchen Wen , Keping Bi , Wei Chen , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng