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Recently, artificial intelligence and machine learning in general have demonstrated remarkable performances in many tasks, from image processing to natural language processing, especially with the advent of deep learning. Along with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Erico Tjoa , Cuntai Guan

Exponential growth in Electronic Healthcare Records (EHR) has resulted in new opportunities and urgent needs for discovery of meaningful data-driven representations and patterns of diseases in Computational Phenotyping research. Deep…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-12-14 Zhengping Che , Sanjay Purushotham , Robinder Khemani , Yan Liu

The importance of explainability in AI has become a pressing concern, for which several explainable AI (XAI) approaches have been recently proposed. However, most of the available XAI techniques are post-hoc methods, which however may be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-15 Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is a set of tools and algorithms that applied or embedded to machine learning models to understand and interpret the models. They are recommended especially for complex or advanced models including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Ahmed M Salih , Yuhe Wang

Deep neural networks have been well-known for their superb handling of various machine learning and artificial intelligence tasks. However, due to their over-parameterized black-box nature, it is often difficult to understand the prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Xuhong Li , Haoyi Xiong , Xingjian Li , Xuanyu Wu , Xiao Zhang , Ji Liu , Jiang Bian , Dejing Dou

Deep learning (DL) models have been popular due to their ability to learn directly from the raw data in an end-to-end paradigm, alleviating the concern of a separate error-prone feature extraction phase. Recent DL-based neuroimaging studies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Md. Mahfuzur Rahman , Vince D. Calhoun , Sergey M. Plis

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been shown to outperform traditional machine learning algorithms in a broad variety of application domains due to their effectiveness in modeling complex problems and handling high-dimensional datasets. Many…

The ability to interpret machine learning model decisions is critical in such domains as healthcare, where trust in model predictions is as important as their accuracy. Inspired by the development of prototype parts-based deep neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Jacek Karolczak , Jerzy Stefanowski

Understanding the predictions made by deep learning models remains a central challenge, especially in high-stakes applications. A promising approach is to equip models with the ability to answer counterfactual questions -- hypothetical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Inwoo Hwang , Yushu Pan , Elias Bareinboim

Black box machine learning models are currently being used for high stakes decision-making throughout society, causing problems throughout healthcare, criminal justice, and in other domains. People have hoped that creating methods for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-09-24 Cynthia Rudin

Deep learning has driven significant advances in medical image analysis, yet its adoption in clinical practice remains constrained by the large size and lack of transparency in modern models. Advances in interpretability techniques such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Nikita Malik , Pratinav Seth , Neeraj Kumar Singh , Chintan Chitroda , Vinay Kumar Sankarapu

Over the past several years, legal applications of deep learning have been on the rise. However, as with other high-stakes decision making areas, the requirement for interpretability is of crucial importance. Current models utilized by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-05 Rohan Bhambhoria , Hui Liu , Samuel Dahan , Xiaodan Zhu

There is a need of ensuring machine learning models that are interpretable. Higher interpretability of the model means easier comprehension and explanation of future predictions for end-users. Further, interpretable machine learning models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-17 Gregor Stiglic , Primoz Kocbek , Nino Fijacko , Marinka Zitnik , Katrien Verbert , Leona Cilar

Deep Neural Networks have often been called the black box because of the complex, deep architecture and non-transparency presented by the inner layers. There is a lack of trust to use Artificial Intelligence in critical and high-precision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Frincy Clement , Ji Yang , Irene Cheng

Digital mammography is essential to breast cancer detection, and deep learning offers promising tools for faster and more accurate mammogram analysis. In radiology and other high-stakes environments, uninterpretable ("black box") deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Julia Yang , Alina Jade Barnett , Jon Donnelly , Satvik Kishore , Jerry Fang , Fides Regina Schwartz , Chaofan Chen , Joseph Y. Lo , Cynthia Rudin

Deep Learning based models are currently dominating most state-of-the-art solutions for disease prediction. Existing works employ RNNs along with multiple levels of attention mechanisms to provide interpretability. These deep learning…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-01 Subhadip Maji , Raghav Bali , Sree Harsha Ankem , Kishore V Ayyadevara

In Explainable AI, rule extraction translates model knowledge into logical rules, such as IF-THEN statements, crucial for understanding patterns learned by black-box models. This could significantly aid in fields like disease diagnosis,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Yu Chen , Tianyu Cui , Alexander Capstick , Nan Fletcher-Loyd , Payam Barnaghi

Few-shot learning aims at recognizing new instances from classes with limited samples. This challenging task is usually alleviated by performing meta-learning on similar tasks. However, the resulting models are black-boxes. There has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Mohammad Reza Zarei , Majid Komeili

This paper reviews recent studies in understanding neural-network representations and learning neural networks with interpretable/disentangled middle-layer representations. Although deep neural networks have exhibited superior performance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-02-08 Quanshi Zhang , Song-Chun Zhu

The interpretability of deep neural networks has attracted increasing attention in recent years, and several methods have been created to interpret the "black box" model. Fundamental limitations remain, however, that impede the pace of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Hao Xu , Yuntian Chen , Dongxiao Zhang