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Reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful machine learning technique that enables an intelligent agent to learn an optimal policy that maximizes the cumulative rewards in sequential decision making. Most of methods in the existing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-01-06 Chengchun Shi , Zhengling Qi , Jianing Wang , Fan Zhou

In continuing tasks, average-reward reinforcement learning may be a more appropriate problem formulation than the more common discounted reward formulation. As usual, learning an optimal policy in this setting typically requires a large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Yuqian Jiang , Sudarshanan Bharadwaj , Bo Wu , Rishi Shah , Ufuk Topcu , Peter Stone

We introduce a novel approach to large language model (LLM) distillation by formulating it as a constrained reinforcement learning problem. While recent work has begun exploring the integration of task-specific rewards into distillation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Matthieu Zimmer , Xiaotong Ji , Tu Nguyen , Haitham Bou Ammar

This work develops a zero-shot mechanism, Comp-LTL, for an agent to satisfy a Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) specification given existing task primitives trained via reinforcement learning (RL). Autonomous robots often need to satisfy spatial…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Taylor Bergeron , Zachary Serlin , Kevin Leahy

Training Large Language Models (LLMs) for multi-turn Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) - where models iteratively reason, generate code, and verify through execution - remains challenging for existing reinforcement learning (RL) approaches.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yifeng Ding , Hung Le , Songyang Han , Kangrui Ruan , Zhenghui Jin , Varun Kumar , Zijian Wang , Anoop Deoras

Understanding a \textit{reinforcement learning} policy, which guides state-to-action mappings to maximize rewards, necessitates an accompanying explanation for human comprehension. In this paper, we introduce a set of \textit{linear…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Mikihisa Yuasa , Huy T. Tran , Ramavarapu S. Sreenivas

The analysis of Temporal Difference (TD) learning in the average-reward setting faces notable theoretical difficulties because the Bellman operator is not contractive with respect to any norm. This complicates standard analyses of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Haoxing Tian , Zaiwei Chen , Ioannis Ch. Paschalidis , Alex Olshevsky

Policy gradient methods are a vital ingredient behind the success of modern reinforcement learning. Modern policy gradient methods, although successful, introduce a residual error in gradient estimation. In this work, we argue that this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Pulkit Katdare , Anant Joshi , Katherine Driggs-Campbell

Reactive synthesis is a technology for the automatic construction of reactive systems from logical specifications. In these lecture notes, we study different algorithms for the reactive synthesis problem of linear-time temporal logic (LTL).…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Bernd Finkbeiner , Felix Klein

Training agents via off-policy deep reinforcement learning (RL) requires a large memory, named replay memory, that stores past experiences used for learning. These experiences are sampled, uniformly or non-uniformly, to create the batches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-27 Bumgeun Park , Taeyoung Kim , Woohyeon Moon , Luiz Felipe Vecchietti , Dongsoo Har

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising approach for aligning large language models (LLMs) knowledge with sequential decision-making tasks. However, few studies have thoroughly investigated the impact on LLM agents capabilities of…

Linear temporal logic (LTL) is a compelling framework for specifying complex, structured tasks for reinforcement learning (RL) agents. Recent work has shown that interpreting LTL instructions as finite automata, which can be seen as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Mattia Giuri , Mathias Jackermeier , Alessandro Abate

This paper addresses the problem of designing control policies for agents with unknown stochastic dynamics and control objectives specified using Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). Recent Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithms have aimed to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Jun Wang , Hosein Hasanbeig , Kaiyuan Tan , Zihe Sun , Yiannis Kantaros

In this paper we propose several novel distributed gradient-based temporal difference algorithms for multi-agent off-policy learning of linear approximation of the value function in Markov decision processes with strict information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Milos S. Stankovic , Marko Beko , Srdjan S. Stankovic

Vision Transformers (ViTs) have computational costs scaling quadratically with the number of tokens, calling for effective token pruning policies. Most existing policies are handcrafted, lacking adaptivity to varying inputs. Moreover, they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Chenglong Lu , Shen Liang , Xuewei Wang , Wei Wang

We propose a novel randomized linear programming algorithm for approximating the optimal policy of the discounted Markov decision problem. By leveraging the value-policy duality and binary-tree data structures, the algorithm adaptively…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-06-04 Mengdi Wang

Autonomous agents often operate in scenarios where the state is partially observed. In addition to maximizing their cumulative reward, agents must execute complex tasks with rich temporal and logical structures. These tasks can be expressed…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-18 Krishna C. Kalagarla , Dhruva Kartik , Dongming Shen , Rahul Jain , Ashutosh Nayyar , Pierluigi Nuzzo

Reinforcement learning (RL) tackles sequential decision-making problems by creating agents that interacts with their environment. However, existing algorithms often view these problem as static, focusing on point estimates for model…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-21 Frank Shih , Faming Liang

Many reinforcement learning (RL) environments in practice feature enormous state spaces that may be described compactly by a "factored" structure, that may be modeled by Factored Markov Decision Processes (FMDPs). We present the first…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Zihao Deng , Siddartha Devic , Brendan Juba

Dynamic Programming suffers from the curse of dimensionality due to large state and action spaces, a challenge further compounded by uncertainties in the environment. To mitigate these issue, we explore an off-policy based Temporal…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-05 Ali Forootani , Raffaele Iervolino , Massimo Tipaldi , Mohammad Khosravi