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Off-policy reinforcement learning has many applications including: learning from demonstration, learning multiple goal seeking policies in parallel, and representing predictive knowledge. Recently there has been an proliferation of new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-04-01 Adam White , Martha White

In recent years, there is growing need and interest in formalizing and reasoning about the quality of software and hardware systems. As opposed to traditional verification, where one handles the question of whether a system satisfies, or…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-11-20 Shaull Almagor , Udi Boker , Orna Kupferman

There is a surge of interest in using formal languages such as Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) to precisely and succinctly specify complex tasks and derive reward functions for Reinforcement Learning (RL). However, existing methods often assign…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Minjae Kwon , Ingy ElSayed-Aly , Lu Feng

We revisit the estimation bias in policy gradients for the discounted episodic Markov decision process (MDP) from Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) perspective. The objective is formulated theoretically as the expected returns discounted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Haoxuan Pan , Deheng Ye , Xiaoming Duan , Qiang Fu , Wei Yang , Jianping He , Mingfei Sun

Synthesizing a program that realizes a logical specification is a classical problem in computer science. We examine a particular type of program synthesis, where the objective is to synthesize a strategy that reacts to a potentially…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Alberto Camacho , Sheila A. McIlraith

We study multi-task reinforcement learning (RL), a setting in which an agent learns a single, universal policy capable of generalising to arbitrary, possibly unseen tasks. We consider tasks specified as linear temporal logic (LTL) formulae,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Alessandro Abate , Giuseppe De Giacomo , Mathias Jackermeier , Jan Kretínský , Maximilian Prokop , Christoph Weinhuber

We propose a new task-specification language for Markov decision processes that is designed to be an improvement over reward functions by being environment independent. The language is a variant of Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) that is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-04-17 Michael L. Littman , Ufuk Topcu , Jie Fu , Charles Isbell , Min Wen , James MacGlashan

Reinforcement Learning (RL) based methods have been increasingly explored for robot learning. However, RL based methods often suffer from low sampling efficiency in the exploration phase, especially for long-horizon manipulation tasks, and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Hao Zhang , Hao Wang , Xiucai Huang , Wenrui Chen , Zhen Kan

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been effective for post-training autoregressive (AR) language models, but extending these methods to diffusion language models (DLMs) is challenging due to intractable sequence-level likelihoods. Existing…

Robotic systems operating in dynamic and uncertain environments increasingly require planners that satisfy complex task sequences while adhering to strict temporal constraints. Metric Interval Temporal Logic (MITL) offers a formal and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Zhaoan Wang , Junchao Li , Mahdi Mohammad , Shaoping Xiao

The successes of reinforcement learning in recent years are underpinned by the characterization of suitable reward functions. However, in settings where such rewards are non-intuitive, difficult to define, or otherwise error-prone in their…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Mohammad Afzal , Sankalp Gambhir , Ashutosh Gupta , Krishna S , Ashutosh Trivedi , Alvaro Velasquez

Reinforcement learning (RL) aims to estimate the action to take given a (time-varying) state, with the goal of maximizing a cumulative reward function. Predominantly, there are two families of algorithms to solve RL problems: value-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Sergio Rozada , Hoi-To Wai , Antonio G. Marques

Transferring high-level knowledge from a source task to a target task is an effective way to expedite reinforcement learning (RL). For example, propositional logic and first-order logic have been used as representations of such knowledge.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-11 Zhe Xu , Ufuk Topcu

The automatic synthesis of a policy through reinforcement learning (RL) from a given set of formal requirements depends on the construction of a reward signal and consists of the iterative application of many policy-improvement steps. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Luigi Berducci , Radu Grosu

When decision makers evaluate a sequence of rewards, they may pay more attention to larger rewards and, given attention is limited, less attention to smaller rewards. They may also become less attentive to each reward when attention is…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-05-20 Zijian Zark Wang

This letter proposes a novel reinforcement learning method for the synthesis of a control policy satisfying a control specification described by a linear temporal logic formula. We assume that the controlled system is modeled by a Markov…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-27 Ryohei Oura , Ami Sakakibara , Toshimitsu Ushio

Unlike the standard Reinforcement Learning (RL) model, many real-world tasks are non-Markovian, whose rewards are predicated on state history rather than solely on the current state. Solving a non-Markovian task, frequently applied in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Ruixuan Miao , Xu Lu , Cong Tian , Bin Yu , Zhenhua Duan

Continuously learning new tasks using high-level ideas or knowledge is a key capability of humans. In this paper, we propose Lifelong reinforcement learning with Sequential linear temporal logic formulas and Reward Machines (LSRM), which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-19 Xuejing Zheng , Chao Yu , Chen Chen , Jianye Hao , Hankz Hankui Zhuo

We propose a novel constrained reinforcement learning method for finding optimal policies in Markov Decision Processes while satisfying temporal logic constraints with a desired probability throughout the learning process. An…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Derya Aksaray , Yasin Yazicioglu , Ahmet Semi Asarkaya

We investigate the problem of optimal control synthesis for Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), addressing both qualitative and quantitative objectives. Specifically, we require the system to satisfy a qualitative task specified by a Linear…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-19 Yu Chen , Xuanyuan Yin , Shaoyuan Li , Xiang Yin