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Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is a challenging subtask of multi-label classification due to its complex label hierarchy. Recently, the pretrained language models (PLM)have been widely adopted in HTC through a fine-tuning paradigm.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Zihan Wang , Peiyi Wang , Tianyu Liu , Binghuai Lin , Yunbo Cao , Zhifang Sui , Houfeng Wang

Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) aims to assign texts to structured label hierarchies; however, it faces challenges due to data scarcity and model complexity. This study explores the feasibility of using black box Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Kosuke Yoshimura , Hisashi Kashima

Recently, various pre-trained language models (PLMs) have been proposed to prove their impressive performances on a wide range of few-shot tasks. However, limited by the unstructured prior knowledge in PLMs, it is difficult to maintain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Ke Ji , Peng Wang , Wenjun Ke , Guozheng Li , Jiajun Liu , Jingsheng Gao , Ziyu Shang

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is an important task with broad applications, while few-shot HTC has gained increasing interest recently. While in-context learning (ICL) with large language models (LLMs) has achieved significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Huiyao Chen , Yu Zhao , Zulong Chen , Mengjia Wang , Liangyue Li , Meishan Zhang , Min Zhang

Few-shot Hierarchical Text Classification (few-shot HTC) is a challenging task that involves mapping texts to a predefined tree-structured label hierarchy under data-scarce conditions. While current approaches utilize structural constraints…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Ke Xiong , Qian Wu , Wangjie Gan , Yuke Li , Xuhong Zhang

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is the task of assigning labels to a text within a structured space organized as a hierarchy. Recent works treat HTC as a conventional multilabel classification problem, therefore evaluating it as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Roman Plaud , Matthieu Labeau , Antoine Saillenfest , Thomas Bonald

Assigning a set of labels to a given text is a classification problem with many real-world applications, such as recommender systems. Two separate research streams address this issue. Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) focuses on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Nerijus Bertalis , Paul Granse , Ferhat Gül , Florian Hauss , Leon Menkel , David Schüler , Tom Speier , Lukas Galke , Ansgar Scherp

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is a natural language processing task which has the objective of categorising text documents into a set of classes from a predefined structured class hierarchy. Recent HTC approaches use various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Jaco du Toit , Marcel Dunaiski

While existing hierarchical text classification (HTC) methods attempt to capture label hierarchies for model training, they either make local decisions regarding each label or completely ignore the hierarchy information during inference. To…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-06-19 Yuning Mao , Jingjing Tian , Jiawei Han , Xiang Ren

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is a challenging subtask of multi-label classification due to its complex taxonomic structure. Nearly all recent HTC works focus on how the labels are structured but ignore the sub-structure of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Zihan Wang , Peiyi Wang , Houfeng Wang

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) assigns documents to multiple levels of a pre-defined taxonomy. Automated patent subject classification represents one of the hardest HTC scenarios because of domain knowledge difficulty and a huge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Lekang Jiang , Wenjun Sun , Stephan Goetz

Text classification has become increasingly challenging due to the continuous refinement of classification label granularity and the expansion of classification label scale. To address that, some research has been applied onto strategies…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-08-27 Jingpeng Zhao , Yinglong Ma

Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) involves assigning documents to labels organized within a taxonomy. Most previous research on HTC has focused on supervised methods. However, in real-world scenarios, employing supervised HTC can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Qianbo Zang , Christophe Zgrzendek , Igor Tchappi , Afshin Khadangi , Johannes Sedlmeir

Recent studies on generalizable object detection have attracted increasing attention with additional weak supervision from large-scale datasets with image-level labels. However, weakly-supervised detection learning often suffers from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Jiaxing Huang , Jingyi Zhang , Kai Jiang , Shijian Lu

Many important classification problems in the real-world consist of a large number of closely related categories in a hierarchical structure or taxonomy. Hierarchical multi-label text classification (HMTC) with higher accuracy over large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Pengfei Gao , Jingpeng Zhao , Yinglong Ma , Ahmad Tanvir , Beihong Jin

Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) has recently gained traction given the ability to handle complex label hierarchy. This has found applications in domains like E- commerce, customer care and medicine industry among other real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Neeraj Agrawal , Saurabh Kumar , Priyanka Bhatt , Tanishka Agarwal

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is essential for various real applications. However, HTC models are challenging to develop because they often require processing a large volume of documents and labels with hierarchical taxonomy.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 SangHun Im , Gibaeg Kim , Heung-Seon Oh , Seongung Jo , Donghwan Kim

Handwritten text recognition in low resource scenarios, such as manuscripts with rare alphabets, is a challenging problem. The main difficulty comes from the very few annotated data and the limited linguistic information (e.g. dictionaries…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Mohamed Ali Souibgui , Alicia Fornés , Yousri Kessentini , Beáta Megyesi

With the continuous development of pre-trained language models, prompt-based training becomes a well-adopted paradigm that drastically improves the exploitation of models for many natural language processing tasks. Prompting also shows…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Quang Anh Nguyen , Nadi Tomeh , Mustapha Lebbah , Thierry Charnois , Hanene Azzag , Santiago Cordoba Muñoz

Multi-level implicit discourse relation recognition (MIDRR) aims at identifying hierarchical discourse relations among arguments. Previous methods achieve the promotion through fine-tuning PLMs. However, due to the data scarcity and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Haodong Zhao , Ruifang He , Mengnan Xiao , Jing Xu
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