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Autonomous driving requires 3D perception of vehicles and other objects in the in environment. Much of the current methods support 2D vehicle detection. This paper proposes a flexible pipeline to adopt any 2D detection network and fuse it…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-02 Xinxin Du , Marcelo H. Ang , Sertac Karaman , Daniela Rus

Testing and evaluation is a crucial step in the development and deployment of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs). To comprehensively evaluate the performance of CAVs, it is of necessity to test the CAVs in safety-critical scenarios,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Haowei Sun , Shuo Feng , Xintao Yan , Henry X. Liu

Automated driving functions increasingly rely on machine learning for tasks like perception and trajectory planning, requiring large, relevant datasets. The performance of these algorithms depends on how closely the training data matches…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Michiel Braat , Maren Buermann , Marijke van Weperen , Jan-Pieter Paardekooper

Deep neural networks (DNN) which are employed in perception systems for autonomous driving require a huge amount of data to train on, as they must reliably achieve high performance in all kinds of situations. However, these DNN are usually…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Daniel Bogdoll , Svenja Uhlemeyer , Kamil Kowol , J. Marius Zöllner

Weapon and gun violence have recently become a pressing issue today. The degree of these crimes and activities has risen to the point of being termed as an epidemic. This prevalent misuse of weapons calls for an automatic system that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Haribharathi Sivakumar , Vijay Arvind. R , Pawan Ragavendhar , G. Balamurugan

Validating the safety of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) operating in open-ended, dynamic environments is challenging as vehicles will eventually encounter safety-critical situations for which there is not representative training data. By…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Enrik Maci , Rhys Howard , Lars Kunze

Safety is an essential aspect in the facilitation of automated vehicle deployment. Current testing practices are not enough, and going beyond them leads to infeasible testing requirements, such as needing to drive billions of kilometres on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-12 Felix Batsch , Alireza Daneshkhah , Madeline Cheah , Stratis Kanarachos , Anthony Baxendale

Traffic light perception is an essential component of the camera-based perception system for autonomous vehicles, enabling accurate detection and interpretation of traffic lights to ensure safe navigation through complex urban environments.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Rupert Polley , Nikolai Polley , Dominik Heid , Marc Heinrich , Sven Ochs , J. Marius Zöllner

Driving scene understanding is a critical real-world problem that involves interpreting and associating various elements of a driving environment, such as vehicles, pedestrians, and traffic signals. Despite advancements in autonomous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Sriram Mandalika , Lalitha V , Athira Nambiar

Already today, driver assistance systems help to make daily traffic more comfortable and safer. However, there are still situations that are quite rare but are hard to handle at the same time. In order to cope with these situations and to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-01-13 Florian Wirthmüller , Marvin Klimke , Julian Schlechtriemen , Jochen Hipp , Manfred Reichert

The advance towards higher levels of automation within the field of automated driving is accompanied by increasing requirements for the operational safety of vehicles. Induced by the limitation of computational resources, trade-offs between…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Matti Henning , Jan Strohbeck , Michael Buchholz , Klaus Dietmayer

The development of new assessment methods for the performance of automated vehicles is essential to enable the deployment of automated driving technologies, due to the complex operational domain of automated vehicles. One contributing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-28 E. de Gelder , J. -P. Paardekooper , A. Khabbaz Saberi , H. Elrofai , O. Op den Camp. , S. Kraines , J. Ploeg , B. De Schutter

Traffic scene understanding is essential for enabling autonomous vehicles to accurately perceive and interpret their environment, thereby ensuring safe navigation. This paper presents a novel framework that transforms a single frontal-view…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Danial Sadrian Zadeh , Otman A. Basir , Behzad Moshiri

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are increasingly used in safety-critical autonomous systems as perception components processing high-dimensional image data. Formal analysis of these systems is particularly challenging due to the complexity of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Corina S. Pasareanu , Ravi Mangal , Divya Gopinath , Sinem Getir Yaman , Calum Imrie , Radu Calinescu , Huafeng Yu

Autonomous vehicle perception typically relies on modular pipelines that decompose the task into detection, tracking, and prediction. While interpretable, these pipelines suffer from error accumulation and limited inter-task synergy.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Loïc Stratil , Felix Fent , Esteban Rivera , Markus Lienkamp

Understanding complex scenarios from in-vehicle cameras is essential for safely operating autonomous driving systems in densely populated areas. Among these, intersection areas are one of the most critical as they concentrate a considerable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-25 Augusto Luis Ballardini , Álvaro Hernández , Miguel Ángel Sotelo

Perception is an essential component of pipelines in field robotics. In this survey, we quantitatively compare publicly available datasets available in unstructured outdoor environments. We focus on datasets for common perception tasks in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Peter Mortimer , Mirko Maehlisch

With an increasing degree of automation, automated vehicle systems become more complex in terms of functional components as well as interconnected hardware and software components. Thus, holistic systems engineering becomes a severe…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-04-25 Gerrit Bagschik , Marcus Nolte , Susanne Ernst , Markus Maurer

A traffic system is a random and complex large system, which is difficult to conduct repeated modelling and control research in a real traffic environment. With the development of automatic driving technology, the requirements for testing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Junfeng Li , Changqing Yan

Traditional autonomous driving pipelines decouple camera design from downstream perception, relying on fixed optics and handcrafted ISPs that prioritize human viewable imagery rather than machine semantics. This separation discards…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Reeshad Khan , John Gauch