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Determining the best attainable threshold for qudit magic state distillation is directly related to the question of whether or not contextuality is sufficient for universal quantum computation. We show that the performance of a qudit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-11 Shiroman Prakash , Rishabh Singhal

Magic state distillation plays a crucial role in fault-tolerant quantum computation and represents a major bottleneck. In contrast to traditional logical-level distillation, physical-level distillation offers significant overhead reduction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Yutaka Hirano , Riki Toshio , Tomohiro Itogawa , Keisuke Fujii

The realization of quantum error correction is an essential ingredient for reaching the full potential of fault-tolerant universal quantum computation. Using a range of different schemes, logical qubits can be redundantly encoded in a set…

Quantum error correction is essential for bridging the gap between the error rates of physical devices and the extremely low logical error rates required for quantum algorithms. Recent error-correction demonstrations on superconducting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-20 Nathan Lacroix , Alexandre Bourassa , Francisco J. H. Heras , Lei M. Zhang , Johannes Bausch , Andrew W. Senior , Thomas Edlich , Noah Shutty , Volodymyr Sivak , Andreas Bengtsson , Matt McEwen , Oscar Higgott , Dvir Kafri , Jahan Claes , Alexis Morvan , Zijun Chen , Adam Zalcman , Sid Madhuk , Rajeev Acharya , Laleh Aghababaie Beni , Georg Aigeldinger , Ross Alcaraz , Trond I. Andersen , Markus Ansmann , Frank Arute , Kunal Arya , Abraham Asfaw , Juan Atalaya , Ryan Babbush , Brian Ballard , Joseph C. Bardin , Alexander Bilmes , Sam Blackwell , Jenna Bovaird , Dylan Bowers , Leon Brill , Michael Broughton , David A. Browne , Brett Buchea , Bob B. Buckley , Tim Burger , Brian Burkett , Nicholas Bushnell , Anthony Cabrera , Juan Campero , Hung-Shen Chang , Ben Chiaro , Liang-Ying Chih , Agnetta Y. Cleland , Josh Cogan , Roberto Collins , Paul Conner , William Courtney , Alexander L. Crook , Ben Curtin , Sayan Das , Sean Demura , Laura De Lorenzo , Agustin Di Paolo , Paul Donohoe , Ilya Drozdov , Andrew Dunsworth , Alec Eickbusch , Aviv Moshe Elbag , Mahmoud Elzouka , Catherine Erickson , Vinicius S. Ferreira , Leslie Flores Burgos , Ebrahim Forati , Austin G. Fowler , Brooks Foxen , Suhas Ganjam , Gonzalo Garcia , Robert Gasca , Élie Genois , William Giang , Dar Gilboa , Raja Gosula , Alejandro Grajales Dau , Dietrich Graumann , Alex Greene , Jonathan A. Gross , Tan Ha , Steve Habegger , Monica Hansen , Matthew P. Harrigan , Sean D. Harrington , Stephen Heslin , Paula Heu , Reno Hiltermann , Jeremy Hilton , Sabrina Hong , Hsin-Yuan Huang , Ashley Huff , William J. Huggins , Evan Jeffrey , Zhang Jiang , Xiaoxuan Jin , Chaitali Joshi , Pavol Juhas , Andreas Kabel , Hui Kang , Amir H. Karamlou , Kostyantyn Kechedzhi , Trupti Khaire , Tanuj Khattar , Mostafa Khezri , Seon Kim , Paul V. Klimov , Bryce Kobrin , Alexander N. Korotkov , Fedor Kostritsa , John Mark Kreikebaum , Vladislav D. Kurilovich , David Landhuis , Tiano Lange-Dei , Brandon W. Langley , Pavel Laptev , Kim-Ming Lau , Justin Ledford , Kenny Lee , Brian J. Lester , Loïck Le Guevel , Wing Yan Li , Yin Li , Alexander T. Lill , William P. Livingston , Aditya Locharla , Erik Lucero , Daniel Lundahl , Aaron Lunt , Ashley Maloney , Salvatore Mandrà , Leigh S. Martin , Orion Martin , Cameron Maxfield , Jarrod R. McClean , Seneca Meeks , Anthony Megrant , Kevin C. Miao , Reza Molavi , Sebastian Molina , Shirin Montazeri , Ramis Movassagh , Charles Neill , Michael Newman , Anthony Nguyen , Murray Nguyen , Chia-Hung Ni , Murphy Y. Niu , Logan Oas , William D. Oliver , Raymond Orosco , Kristoffer Ottosson , Alex Pizzuto , Rebecca Potter , Orion Pritchard , Chris Quintana , Ganesh Ramachandran , Matthew J. Reagor , Rachel Resnick , David M. Rhodes , Gabrielle Roberts , Eliott Rosenberg , Emma Rosenfeld , Elizabeth Rossi , Pedram Roushan , Kannan Sankaragomathi , Henry F. Schurkus , Michael J. Shearn , Aaron Shorter , Vladimir Shvarts , Spencer Small , W. Clarke Smith , Sofia Springer , George Sterling , Jordan Suchard , Aaron Szasz , Alex Sztein , Douglas Thor , Eifu Tomita , Alfredo Torres , M. Mert Torunbalci , Abeer Vaishnav , Justin Vargas , Sergey Vdovichev , Guifre Vidal , Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller , Steven Waltman , Jonathan Waltz , Shannon X. Wang , Brayden Ware , Travis Weidel , Theodore White , Kristi Wong , Bryan W. K. Woo , Maddy Woodson , Cheng Xing , Z. Jamie Yao , Ping Yeh , Bicheng Ying , Juhwan Yoo , Noureldin Yosri , Grayson Young , Yaxing Zhang , Ningfeng Zhu , Nicholas Zobrist , Hartmut Neven , Pushmeet Kohli , Alex Davies , Sergio Boixo , Julian Kelly , Cody Jones , Craig Gidney , Kevin J. Satzinger

We present a theorem that shows that all useful protocols for magic state distillation output states with a fidelity that is upper-bounded by those generated by a much smaller class of protocols. This reduced class consists of the protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-02-15 Earl T. Campbell , Dan E. Browne

Quantum error correction represents a significant advancement in large-scale quantum computing. However, achieving fault-tolerant implementations of non-Clifford logical gates with reduced overhead remains a challenge in the popular surface…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-29 Zhi-Cheng He , Zheng-Yuan Xue

Magic state distillation is a crucial component in the leading approaches to implementing universal fault tolerant quantum computation, with existing protocols for both qubit and higher dimensional systems. Early work focused on determining…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-25 Hillary Dawkins , Mark Howard

The preparation of high-fidelity non-Clifford (magic) states is an essential subroutine for universal quantum computation, but imposes substantial space-time overhead. Magic state factories based on high rate and distance quantum…

Topological color codes are widely acknowledged as promising candidates for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Neither a two-dimensional nor a three-dimensional topology, however, can provide a universal gate set $\{$H, T, CNOT$\}$, with the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-26 Friederike Butt , Sascha Heußen , Manuel Rispler , Markus Müller

A quantum error correcting code protects encoded logical information against errors. Transversal gates are a naturally fault-tolerant way to manipulate logical qubits but cannot be universal themselves. Protocols such as magic state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Eric Huang , Pierre-Gabriel Rozon , Arpit Dua , Sarang Gopalakrishnan , Michael J. Gullans

Magic states are essential yet resource-intensive components for realizing universal fault-tolerant quantum computation. Preparing magic states within emerging quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes poses additional challenges, due…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-13 Guo Zhang , Yuanye Zhu , Xiao Yuan , Ying Li

Rotation gates are widely used in various quantum algorithms. To implement fault-tolerant rotation gates, state distillation or gate synthesis is typically employed. However, the overhead of these schemes scales rapidly with increasing…

Magic state distillation (MSD) is a purification protocol that plays a central role in fault tolerant quantum computation. Repeated iteration of the steps of a MSD protocol, generates pure single non-stabilizer states, or magic states, from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-06-11 Hussain Anwar , Earl T. Campbell , Dan E. Browne

One of the major challenges in realizing fault-tolerant quantum computers (FTQCs) is the requirement for a large number of physical qubits. To address this issue, high-rate quantum error correcting codes, which efficiently embed logical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-20 Kohei Yamamoto , Keisuke Fujii

Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes can encode many logical qubits within a single code block at low physical qubit overhead, yet magic state injection into such codes remains largely underexplored. Existing state injection…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-08 Kun Liu , Shifan Xu , Tomas Jochym-O'Connor , Zhiyang He , Shraddha Singh , Yongshan Ding

Quantum computers capable of solving classically intractable problems are under construction, and intermediate-scale devices are approaching completion. Current efforts to design large-scale devices require allocating immense resources to…

We present an infinite family of protocols to distill magic states for $T$-gates that has a low space overhead and uses an asymptotic number of input magic states to achieve a given target error that is conjectured to be optimal. The space…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-04 Jeongwan Haah , Matthew B. Hastings , D. Poulin , D. Wecker

High-fidelity logical \emph{T}-gate realization constitutes a core prerequisite for large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computing. However, conventional magic state distillation requires massive physical qubit overhead across successive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Cheng-Yun Ding , Li-Hua Zhang , Jian Zhou

Magic State Distillation (MSD) has been a research focus for fault-tolerant quantum computing due to the need for non-Clifford resource in gaining quantum advantage. Although many of the MSD protocols so far are based on stabilizer codes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-23 Yunzhe Zheng , Dong E. Liu

Magic state distillation (MSD) is the leading approach to generate the non-Clifford resources required for universal fault-tolerant quantum computation. While most analyses assume ideal measurements in the distillation process, this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-15 Yunzhe Zheng , Yuanchen Zhao , Dong E. Liu