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In recent years, there has been a significant amount of research focused on expanding the expressivity of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) beyond the Weisfeiler-Lehman (1-WL) framework. While many of these studies have yielded advancements in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Shouheng Li , Dongwoo Kim , Qing Wang

Graph data, with its structurally variable nature, represents complex real-world phenomena like chemical compounds, protein structures, and social networks. Traditional Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) primarily utilize the message-passing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Jianming Huang , Hiroyuki Kasai

While Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are powerful models for learning representations on graphs, most state-of-the-art models do not have significant accuracy gain beyond two to three layers. Deep GNNs fundamentally need to address: 1).…

Graph Neural Networks (GNN) are inherently limited in their expressive power. Recent seminal works (Xu et al., 2019; Morris et al., 2019b) introduced the Weisfeiler-Lehman (WL) hierarchy as a measure of expressive power. Although this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Omri Puny , Derek Lim , Bobak T. Kiani , Haggai Maron , Yaron Lipman

Graph neural network (GNN) is a popular tool to learn the lower-dimensional representation of a graph. It facilitates the applicability of machine learning tasks on graphs by incorporating domain-specific features. There are various options…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-21 Md. Khaledur Rahman

In recent years, Graph Neural Network (GNN) has bloomly progressed for its power in processing graph-based data. Most GNNs follow a message passing scheme, and their expressive power is mathematically limited by the discriminative ability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Alan J. X. Guo , Qing-Hu Hou , Ou Wu

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been widely applied to various fields due to their powerful representations of graph-structured data. Despite the success of GNNs, most existing GNNs are designed to learn node representations on the fixed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Seongjun Yun , Minbyul Jeong , Sungdong Yoo , Seunghun Lee , Sean S. Yi , Raehyun Kim , Jaewoo Kang , Hyunwoo J. Kim

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) show strong expressive power on graph data mining, by aggregating information from neighbors and using the integrated representation in the downstream tasks. The same aggregation methods and parameters for each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Xiaojun Ma , Qin Chen , Yuanyi Ren , Guojie Song , Liang Wang

Numerous recent works have analyzed the expressive power of message-passing graph neural networks (MPNNs), primarily utilizing combinatorial techniques such as the $1$-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman test ($1$-WL) for the graph isomorphism…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Jan Böker , Ron Levie , Ningyuan Huang , Soledad Villar , Christopher Morris

Theoretical studies on the representation power of GNNs have been centered around understanding the equivalence of GNNs, using WL-Tests for detecting graph isomorphism. In this paper, we argue that such equivalence ignores the accompanying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-26 P. Krishna Kumar a , Harish G. Ramaswamy

Subgraph representation learning has been effective in solving various real-world problems. However, current graph neural networks (GNNs) produce suboptimal results for subgraph-level tasks due to their inability to capture complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Dongkwan Kim , Alice Oh

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are widely used as surrogates for costly experiments and first-principles simulations to study the behavior of compounds at atomistic scale, and their architectural complexity is constantly increasing to enable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Arindam Chowdhury , Massimiliano Lupo Pasini

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have demonstrated impressive performance across diverse graph-based tasks by leveraging message passing to capture complex node relationships. However, on large-scale real-world graphs, GNNs face two major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Xiang Li , Jianpeng Qi , Haobing Liu , Yuan Cao , Guoqing Chao , Zhongying Zhao , Junyu Dong , Xinwang Liu , Yanwei Yu

The expressive power of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) is often analysed via correspondence to the Weisfeiler-Leman (WL) algorithm and fragments of first-order logic. Standard GNNs are limited to performing aggregation over immediate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Huan Luo , Jonni Virtema

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are widely used for learning node embeddings in graphs, typically adopting a message-passing scheme. This approach, however, leads to the neighbor explosion problem, with exponentially growing computational and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Zichao Yue , Chenhui Deng , Zhiru Zhang

Recently a variety of methods have been developed to encode graphs into low-dimensional vectors that can be easily exploited by machine learning algorithms. The majority of these methods start by embedding the graph nodes into a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Yu Jin , Joseph F. JaJa

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are known to match the distinguishing power of the 1-Weisfeiler-Lehman (1-WL) test, and the resulting partitions coincide with the unfolding tree equivalence classes of graphs. Preserving this equivalence, GNNs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Silvia Beddar-Wiesing , Alice Moallemy-Oureh

Recently, graph neural networks (GNNs) have proved to be suitable in tasks on unstructured data. Particularly in tasks as community detection, node classification, and link prediction. However, most GNN models still operate with static…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Darwin Saire Pilco , Adín Ramírez Rivera

The invariance to permutations of the adjacency matrix, i.e., graph isomorphism, is an overarching requirement for Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Conventionally, this prerequisite can be satisfied by the invariant operations over node…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Zhongyu Huang , Yingheng Wang , Chaozhuo Li , Huiguang He

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have achieved tremendous success in graph mining. However, the inability of GNNs to model substructures in graphs remains a significant drawback. Specifically, message-passing GNNs (MPGNNs), as the prevailing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-08 Qingqing Long , Yilun Jin , Yi Wu , Guojie Song