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The robustness of npm dependency network is a crucial property, since many projects and web applications heavily rely on the functionalities of packages, especially popular ones that have many dependant packages. In the past, there have…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-10-25 Andrej Hafner , Anže Mur , Jaka Bernard

Library dependencies in software ecosystems play a crucial role in the development of software. As newer releases of these libraries are published, developers may opt to pin their dependencies to a particular version. While pinning may have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Vasudev Vikram , Yuvraj Agarwal , Rohan Padhye

Security vulnerability in third-party dependencies is a growing concern not only for developers of the affected software, but for the risks it poses to an entire software ecosystem, e.g., Heartbleed vulnerability. Recent studies show that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-24 Bodin Chinthanet , Raula Gaikovina Kula , Shane McIntosh , Takashi Ishio , Akinori Ihara , Kenichi Matsumoto

AI coding agents increasingly modify real software repositories and make dependency decisions, including adding, removing, or updating third-party packages. These choices can materially affect security posture and maintenance burden, yet…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Tanmay Singla , Berk Çakar , Paschal C. Amusuo , James C. Davis

Software developers typically rely upon a large network of dependencies to build their applications. For instance, the NPM package repository contains over 3 million packages and serves tens of billions of downloads weekly. Understanding…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Donald Pinckney , Federico Cassano , Arjun Guha , Jonathan Bell

One of the most powerful features of R is its infrastructure for contributed code. The built-in package manager and complementary repositories provide a great system for development and exchange of code, and have played an important role in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2013-11-04 Jeroen Ooms

Regular dependency updates protect dependent software components from upstream bugs, security vulnerabilities, and poor code quality. Measures of dependency updates across software ecosystems involve two key dimensions: the time span during…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Baltasar Berretta , Augustus Thomas , Heather Guarnera

Software ecosystems (e.g., npm, PyPI) are the backbone of modern software developments. Developers add new packages to ecosystems every day to solve new problems or provide alternative solutions, causing obsolete packages to decline in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Suhaib Mujahid , Diego Elias Costa , Rabe Abdalkareem , Emad Shihab

Due to their increasing complexity, today's software systems are frequently built by leveraging reusable code in the form of libraries and packages. Software ecosystems (e.g., npm) are the primary enablers of this code reuse, providing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Suhaib Mujahid , Diego Elias Costa , Rabe Abdalkareem , Emad Shihab , Mohamed Aymen Saied , Bram Adams

Industry practitioners are increasingly concerned with software that contains vulnerable versions of third-party dependencies that are included both directly and transitively. To address this problem, projects are encouraged to both…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Imranur Rahman , Ranindya Paramitha , William Enck , Laurie Williams

Existing innovation metrics inadequately capture software innovation, creating blind spots for researchers and policymakers seeking to understand and foster technological innovation in an increasingly software-defined economy. This paper…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Eva Maxfield Brown , Cailean Osborne , Peter Cihon , Moritz Böhmecke-Schwafert , Kevin Xu , Mirko Boehm , Knut Blind

Package managers such as NPM have become essential for software development. The NPM repository hosts over 2 million packages and serves over 43 billion downloads every week. Unfortunately, the NPM dependency solver has several…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Donald Pinckney , Federico Cassano , Arjun Guha , Jon Bell , Massimiliano Culpo , Todd Gamblin

Background: Open source software ecosystems exhibit dense dependency networks in which maintenance degradation of structurally central packages can propagate widely. Despite increasing attention to open source sustainability, existing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Alexandros Tsakpinis , Emil Schwenger , Alexander Pretschner

Dependabot, a popular dependency management tool, includes a compatibility score feature that helps client packages assess the risk of accepting a dependency update by leveraging knowledge from "the crowd". For each dependency update,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Benjamin Rombaut , Filipe R. Cogo , Ahmed E. Hassan

Modern software systems have transitioned from purely code-based architectures to AI-integrated systems where pre-trained models (PTMs) serve as permanent dependencies. However, while the evolution of traditional software libraries is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Peerachai Banyongrakkul , Mansooreh Zahedi , Christoph Treude , Haoyu Gao , Patanamon Thongtanunam

Dependency management in modern software development poses many challenges for developers who wish to stay up to date with the latest features and fixes whilst ensuring backwards compatibility. Project maintainers have opted for varied, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Abbas Javan Jafari , Diego Elias Costa , Rabe Abdalkareem , Emad Shihab , Nikolaos Tsantalis

Distributions of open source software packages dedicated to specific programming languages facilitate software development by allowing software projects to depend on the functionality provided by such reusable packages. The health of a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Alexandre Decan , Tom Mens

The management of third-party package dependencies is crucial to most technology stacks, with package managers acting as brokers to ensure that a verified package is correctly installed, configured, or removed from an application. Diversity…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Syful Islam , Raula Gaikovina Kula , Christoph Treude , Bodin Chinthanet , Takashi Ishio , Kenichi Matsumoto

Developers consistently use version constraints to specify acceptable versions of the dependencies for their project. Pinning dependencies can reduce the likelihood of breaking changes, but comes with a cost of manually managing the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Imranur Rahman , Jill Marley , William Enck , Laurie Williams

Dependency management bots automatically open pull requests to update software dependencies on behalf of developers. Early research shows that developers are suspicious of updates performed by dependency management bots and feel tired of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Runzhi He , Hao He , Yuxia Zhang , Minghui Zhou