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This paper introduces distribution-based prediction, a novel approach to using Large Language Models (LLMs) as predictive tools by interpreting output token probabilities as distributions representing the models' learned representation of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Caleb Bradshaw , Caelen Miller , Sean Warnick

Masked language modeling (MLM) plays a key role in pretraining large language models. But the MLM objective is often dominated by high-frequency words that are sub-optimal for learning factual knowledge. In this work, we propose an approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Nafis Sadeq , Byungkyu Kang , Prarit Lamba , Julian McAuley

Conditional masked language model (CMLM) training has proven successful for non-autoregressive and semi-autoregressive sequence generation tasks, such as machine translation. Given a trained CMLM, however, it is not clear what the best…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Julia Kreutzer , George Foster , Colin Cherry

Beam search with masked language models (MLMs) is challenging in part because joint probability distributions over sequences are not readily available, unlike for autoregressive models. However, estimating such distributions has important…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Creston Brooks , Robert Calef , Charlie Cowen-Breen , Anna Sappington

Language models (LMs) are increasingly being studied as models of human language learners. Due to the nascency of the field, it is not well-established whether LMs exhibit similar learning dynamics to humans, and there are few direct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Filippo Ficarra , Ryan Cotterell , Alex Warstadt

Large language models (LLMs) are growing increasingly capable, prompting recent interest in LLM teams. Yet, despite increased deployment of LLM teams at scale, we lack a principled framework for addressing key questions such as when a team…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Elizabeth Mieczkowski , Katherine M. Collins , Ilia Sucholutsky , Natalia Vélez , Thomas L. Griffiths

While advances in fairness and alignment have helped mitigate overt biases exhibited by large language models (LLMs) when explicitly prompted, we hypothesize that these models may still exhibit implicit biases when simulating human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Yuxuan Li , Hirokazu Shirado , Sauvik Das

This paper presents a novel training method, Conditional Masked Language Modeling (CMLM), to effectively learn sentence representations on large scale unlabeled corpora. CMLM integrates sentence representation learning into MLM training by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Ziyi Yang , Yinfei Yang , Daniel Cer , Jax Law , Eric Darve

Language models are typically evaluated on their success at predicting the distribution of specific words in specific contexts. Yet linguistic knowledge also encodes relationships between contexts, allowing inferences between word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Michael Wilson , Jackson Petty , Robert Frank

Masked language models (MLMs) define local conditional distributions over tokens but do not, in general, correspond to any consistent joint distribution over sequences. This raises a fundamental question: what global distributional behavior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Suvadip Sana , Sami Wolf , Neer Mehta , Alina Shah , Aitzaz Shaikh , Janna Goodman , Lionel Levine

Multilingual language models (MLMs) store factual knowledge across languages but often struggle to provide consistent responses to semantically equivalent prompts in different languages. While previous studies point out this cross-lingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Mingyang Wang , Heike Adel , Lukas Lange , Yihong Liu , Ercong Nie , Jannik Strötgen , Hinrich Schütze

Language models (LMs) are statistical models that calculate probabilities over sequences of words or other discrete symbols. Currently two major paradigms for language modeling exist: count-based n-gram models, which have advantages of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-09-27 Graham Neubig , Chris Dyer

Large language models (LLM) are advanced AI systems trained on extensive textual data, leveraging deep learning techniques to understand and generate human-like language. Today's LLMs with billions of parameters are so huge that hardly any…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Sheikh Azizul Hakim , Saem Hasan

Textual adversarial examples pose serious threats to the reliability of natural language processing systems. Recent studies suggest that adversarial examples tend to deviate from the underlying manifold of normal texts, whereas pre-trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Xiaomei Zhang , Zhaoxi Zhang , Yanjun Zhang , Xufei Zheng , Leo Yu Zhang , Shengshan Hu , Shirui Pan

Language models (LMs) are increasingly used as simulacra for people, yet their ability to match the distribution of views of a specific demographic group and be \textit{distributionally aligned} remains uncertain. This notion of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Nicole Meister , Carlos Guestrin , Tatsunori Hashimoto

We analyze the masked language modeling pretraining objective function from the perspective of the distributional hypothesis. We investigate whether better sample efficiency and the better generalization capability of models pretrained with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Ting-Rui Chiang , Dani Yogatama

Large-scale surveys are essential tools for informing social science research and policy, but running surveys is costly and time-intensive. If we could accurately simulate group-level survey results, this would therefore be very valuable to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Yong Cao , Haijiang Liu , Arnav Arora , Isabelle Augenstein , Paul Röttger , Daniel Hershcovich

Masked language modeling (MLM) has been widely used for pre-training effective bidirectional representations, but incurs substantial training costs. In this paper, we propose a novel concept-based curriculum masking (CCM) method to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Mingyu Lee , Jun-Hyung Park , Junho Kim , Kang-Min Kim , SangKeun Lee

LLMs are statistical models of language learning through stochastic gradient descent with a next token prediction objective. Prompting a popular view among AI modelers: LLMs are just next token predictors. While LLMs are engineered using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Stephen M. Downes , Patrick Forber , Alex Grzankowski

Autoregressive language models are the currently dominant paradigm for text generation, but they have some fundamental limitations that cannot be remedied by scale-for example inherently sequential and unidirectional generation. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Yuchen Li , Alexandre Kirchmeyer , Aashay Mehta , Yilong Qin , Boris Dadachev , Kishore Papineni , Sanjiv Kumar , Andrej Risteski