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As an effective method to boost the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) on the question answering (QA) task, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), which queries highly relevant information from external complex documents, has…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Shu Wang , Yingli Zhou , Yixiang Fang

Generative Retrieval introduces a new approach to Information Retrieval by reframing it as a constrained generation task, leveraging recent advancements in Autoregressive (AR) language models. However, AR-based Generative Retrieval methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Ravisri Valluri , Akash Kumar Mohankumar , Kushal Dave , Amit Singh , Jian Jiao , Manik Varma , Gaurav Sinha

This paper systematically addresses the challenges of rule retrieval, a crucial yet underexplored area. Vanilla retrieval methods using sparse or dense retrievers to directly search for relevant rules to support downstream reasoning, often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Ziyang Huang , Wangtao Sun , Jun Zhao , Kang Liu

Interactive Text-to-image retrieval (I-TIR) is an important enabler for a wide range of state-of-the-art services in domains such as e-commerce and education. However, current methods rely on finetuned Multimodal Large Language Models…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Zijun Long , Kangheng Liang , Gerardo Aragon-Camarasa , Richard Mccreadie , Paul Henderson

Statutory article retrieval (SAR), the task of retrieving statute law articles relevant to a legal question, is a promising application of legal text processing. In particular, high-quality SAR systems can improve the work efficiency of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Antoine Louis , Gijs van Dijck , Gerasimos Spanakis

Generating high-quality answers consistently by providing contextual information embedded in the prompt passed to the Large Language Model (LLM) is dependent on the quality of information retrieval. As the corpus of contextual information…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Sai Ganesh , Anupam Purwar , Gautam B

In a number of information retrieval applications (e.g., patent search, literature review, due diligence, etc.), preventing false negatives is more important than preventing false positives. However, approaches designed to reduce review…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Timo Kats , Peter van der Putten , Jan Scholtes

Composed Image Retrieval (CIR) aims to retrieve a target image based on a query composed of a reference image and a relative caption that describes the difference between the two images. The high effort and cost required for labeling…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Alberto Baldrati , Lorenzo Agnolucci , Marco Bertini , Alberto Del Bimbo

Retrieval-augmented Generation (RAG) extends large language models (LLMs) with external knowledge but faces key challenges: restricted effective context length and redundancy in retrieved documents. Pure compression-based approaches reduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Yiqiao Jin , Kartik Sharma , Vineeth Rakesh , Yingtong Dou , Menghai Pan , Mahashweta Das , Srijan Kumar

Transferring information retrieval (IR) models from a high-resource language (typically English) to other languages in a zero-shot fashion has become a widely adopted approach. In this work, we show that the effectiveness of zero-shot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Robert Litschko , Ekaterina Artemova , Barbara Plank

A common way to extend the memory of large language models (LLMs) is by retrieval augmented generation (RAG), which inserts text retrieved from a larger memory into an LLM's context window. However, the context window is typically limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Marc Pickett , Jeremy Hartman , Ayan Kumar Bhowmick , Raquib-ul Alam , Aditya Vempaty

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a framework for incorporating external knowledge, usually in the form of a set of documents retrieved from a collection, as a part of a prompt to a large language model (LLM) to potentially improve…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Fangzheng Tian , Debasis Ganguly , Craig Macdonald

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems rely on retrieval models for identifying relevant contexts and answer generation models for utilizing those contexts. However, retrievers exhibit imperfect recall and precision, limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Jerry Huang , Siddarth Madala , Risham Sidhu , Cheng Niu , Hao Peng , Julia Hockenmaier , Tong Zhang

Query Reformulation (QR) is a set of techniques used to transform a user's original search query to a text that better aligns with the user's intent and improves their search experience. Recently, zero-shot QR has been a promising approach…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Kaustubh D. Dhole , Ramraj Chandradevan , Eugene Agichtein

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems commonly adopt retrieval fusion techniques such as multi-query retrieval and reciprocal rank fusion (RRF) to increase document recall, under the assumption that higher recall leads to better…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Luigi Medrano , Arush Verma , Mukul Chhabra

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a common way to ground language models in external documents and up-to-date information. Classical retrieval systems relied on lexical methods such as BM25, which rank documents by term overlap with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Martin Asenov , Kenza Benkirane , Dan Goldwater , Aneiss Ghodsi

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is essential for integrating external knowledge into Large Language Model (LLM) outputs. While the literature on RAG is growing, it primarily focuses on systematic reviews and comparisons of new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Matouš Eibich , Shivay Nagpal , Alexander Fred-Ojala

Document retrieval is a core component of many knowledge-intensive natural language processing task formulations such as fact verification and question answering. Sources of textual knowledge, such as Wikipedia articles, condition the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-18 James Thorne

We designed a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) system to provide large language models with relevant documents for answering domain-specific questions about Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). We extracted over 1,800…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Haojia Sun , Yaqi Wang , Shuting Zhang

Generative Retrieval (GR) is an emerging paradigm in information retrieval that leverages generative models to directly map queries to relevant document identifiers (DocIDs) without the need for traditional query processing or document…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Tzu-Lin Kuo , Tzu-Wei Chiu , Tzung-Sheng Lin , Sheng-Yang Wu , Chao-Wei Huang , Yun-Nung Chen