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Crowdsourcing is a popular means to obtain labeled data at moderate costs, for example for tweets, which can then be used in text mining tasks. To alleviate the problem of low-quality labels in this context, multiple human factors have been…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-08-02 Stefan Räbiger , Yücel Saygın , Myra Spiliopoulou

Explanation methods in Interpretable NLP often explain the model's decision by extracting evidence (rationale) from the input texts supporting the decision. Benchmark datasets for rationales have been released to evaluate how good the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Cheng-Han Chiang , Hung-yi Lee

Crowdsourcing provides a practical way to obtain large amounts of labeled data at a low cost. However, the annotation quality of annotators varies considerably, which imposes new challenges in learning a high-quality model from the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Zhendong Chu , Jing Ma , Hongning Wang

In NLP annotation, it is common to have multiple annotators label the text and then obtain the ground truth labels based on the agreement of major annotators. However, annotators are individuals with different backgrounds, and minors'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Ruyuan Wan , Jaehyung Kim , Dongyeop Kang

Data annotation is an essential step for constructing new datasets. However, the conventional approach of data annotation through crowdsourcing is both time-consuming and expensive. In addition, the complexity of this process increases when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Juhwan Choi , Eunju Lee , Kyohoon Jin , YoungBin Kim

We propose a point cloud annotation framework that employs human-in-loop learning to enable the creation of large point cloud datasets with per-point annotations. Sparse labels from a human annotator are iteratively propagated to generate a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Siddhant Jain , Sowmya Munukutla , David Held

Training NLP systems typically assumes access to annotated data that has a single human label per example. Given imperfect labeling from annotators and inherent ambiguity of language, we hypothesize that single label is not sufficient to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Shujian Zhang , Chengyue Gong , Eunsol Choi

Distant supervision is a popular method for performing relation extraction from text that is known to produce noisy labels. Most progress in relation extraction and classification has been made with crowdsourced corrections to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Anca Dumitrache , Lora Aroyo , Chris Welty

Third-party annotation is the status quo for labeling text, but egocentric information such as sentiment and belief can at best only be approximated by a third-person proxy. We introduce author labeling, an annotation technique where the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Marcus Ma , Cole Johnson , Nolan Bridges , Jackson Trager , Georgios Chochlakis , Shrikanth Narayanan

Emotion recognition algorithms rely on data annotated with high quality labels. However, emotion expression and perception are inherently subjective. There is generally not a single annotation that can be unambiguously declared "correct".…

Many natural language processing (NLP) tasks rely on labeled data to train machine learning models with high performance. However, data annotation is time-consuming and expensive, especially when the task involves a large amount of data or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Xingwei He , Zhenghao Lin , Yeyun Gong , A-Long Jin , Hang Zhang , Chen Lin , Jian Jiao , Siu Ming Yiu , Nan Duan , Weizhu Chen

When constructing models that learn from noisy labels produced by multiple annotators, it is important to accurately estimate the reliability of annotators. Annotators may provide labels of inconsistent quality due to their varying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-14 Maolin Li , Arvid Fahlström Myrman , Tingting Mu , Sophia Ananiadou

As the number of applications that use machine learning algorithms increases, the need for labeled data useful for training such algorithms intensifies. Getting labels typically involves employing humans to do the annotation, which directly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-07-16 Alexandros Ntoulas , Omar Alonso , Vasilis Kandylas

We study estimating inherent human disagreement (annotation label distribution) in natural language inference task. Post-hoc smoothing of the predicted label distribution to match the expected label entropy is very effective. Such simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Shujian Zhang , Chengyue Gong , Eunsol Choi

Emotion expression and perception are nuanced, complex, and highly subjective processes. When multiple annotators label emotional data, the resulting labels contain high variability. Most speech emotion recognition tasks address this by…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 James Tavernor , Yara El-Tawil , Emily Mower Provost

Majority voting and averaging are common approaches employed to resolve annotator disagreements and derive single ground truth labels from multiple annotations. However, annotators may systematically disagree with one another, often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Aida Mostafazadeh Davani , Mark Díaz , Vinodkumar Prabhakaran

Supervised classification algorithms are used to solve a growing number of real-life problems around the globe. Their performance is strictly connected with the quality of labels used in training. Unfortunately, acquiring good-quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Daniel Kałuża , Andrzej Janusz , Dominik Ślęzak

In-context learning is a promising paradigm that utilizes in-context examples as prompts for the predictions of large language models. These prompts are crucial for achieving strong performance. However, since the prompts need to be sampled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Shaokun Zhang , Xiaobo Xia , Zhaoqing Wang , Ling-Hao Chen , Jiale Liu , Qingyun Wu , Tongliang Liu

Human-annotated data plays a critical role in the fairness of AI systems, including those that deal with life-altering decisions or moderating human-created web/social media content. Conventionally, annotator disagreements are resolved…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Tharindu Cyril Weerasooriya , Sarah Luger , Saloni Poddar , Ashiqur R. KhudaBukhsh , Christopher M. Homan

Large-scale multi-label classification datasets are commonly, and perhaps inevitably, partially annotated. That is, only a small subset of labels are annotated per sample. Different methods for handling the missing labels induce different…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Emanuel Ben-Baruch , Tal Ridnik , Itamar Friedman , Avi Ben-Cohen , Nadav Zamir , Asaf Noy , Lihi Zelnik-Manor