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As the outputs of generative AI (GenAI) techniques improve in quality, it becomes increasingly challenging to distinguish them from human-created content. Watermarking schemes are a promising approach to address the problem of…

As large language models (LLMs) reach human-like fluency, reliably distinguishing AI-generated text from human authorship becomes increasingly difficult. While watermarks already exist for LLMs, they often lack flexibility and struggle with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Georg Niess , Roman Kern

The capabilities of large language models have grown significantly in recent years and so too have concerns about their misuse. It is important to be able to distinguish machine-generated text from human-authored content. Prior works have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Julien Piet , Chawin Sitawarin , Vivian Fang , Norman Mu , David Wagner

Knowledge distillation is a widely adopted technique for transferring capabilities from LLMs to smaller, more efficient student models. However, unauthorized use of knowledge distillation takes unfair advantage of the considerable effort…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Xinhang Ma , William Yeoh , Ning Zhang , Yevgeniy Vorobeychik

Given a text, can we determine whether it was generated by a large language model (LLM) or by a human? A widely studied approach to this problem is watermarking. We propose an undetectable and elementary watermarking scheme in the closed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Pedro Abdalla , Roman Vershynin

The widespread open-sourcing of advanced recommendation algorithms and the rising threat of model extraction attacks have made safeguarding the intellectual property of recommender systems an imperative task. While watermarking serves as a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Lei Zhou , Min Gao , Zongwei Wang , Yibing Bai , Wentao Li

We study how to watermark LLM outputs, i.e. embedding algorithmically detectable signals into LLM-generated text to track misuse. Unlike the current mainstream methods that work with a fixed LLM, we expand the watermark design space by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Xiaojun Xu , Yuanshun Yao , Yang Liu

Watermarking the outputs of generative models has emerged as a promising approach for tracking their provenance. Despite significant interest in autoregressive image generation models and their potential for misuse, no prior work has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Nikola Jovanović , Ismail Labiad , Tomáš Souček , Martin Vechev , Pierre Fernandez

The accelerated advancement of speech generative models has given rise to security issues, including model infringement and unauthorized abuse of content. Although existing generative watermarking techniques have proposed corresponding…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Yue Li , Weizhi Liu , Dongdong Lin

Large text-to-image models have shown remarkable performance in synthesizing high-quality images. In particular, the subject-driven model makes it possible to personalize the image synthesis for a specific subject, e.g., a human face or an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Yihan Ma , Zhengyu Zhao , Xinlei He , Zheng Li , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang

Watermarking techniques offer a promising way to identify machine-generated content via embedding covert information into the contents generated from language models. A challenge in the domain lies in preserving the distribution of original…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Yihan Wu , Zhengmian Hu , Junfeng Guo , Hongyang Zhang , Heng Huang

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has heightened concerns about the misuse of AI-generated text, making watermarking a promising solution. Mainstream watermarking schemes for LLMs fall into two categories: logits-based and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Yidan Wang , Yubing Ren , Yanan Cao , Binxing Fang

The widespread adoption of ChatGPT has raised concerns about its misuse, highlighting the need for robust detection of AI-generated text. Current word-level detectors are vulnerable to paraphrasing or simple prompts (PSP), suffer from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Mo Mu , Dianqiao Lei , Chang Li

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to significant improvements in natural language processing tasks, but their ability to generate human-quality text raises significant ethical and operational concerns in settings…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Adam Block , Ayush Sekhari , Alexander Rakhlin

As deep learning advances in audio generation, challenges in audio security and copyright protection highlight the need for robust audio watermarking. Recent neural network-based methods have made progress but still face three main issues:…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Yaoxun Xu , Jianwei Yu , Hangting Chen , Zhiyong Wu , Xixin Wu , Dong Yu , Rongzhi Gu , Yi Luo

The impressive performances of Large Language Models (LLMs) and their immense potential for commercialization have given rise to serious concerns over the Intellectual Property (IP) of their training data. In particular, the synthetic texts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Jingtan Wang , Xinyang Lu , Zitong Zhao , Zhongxiang Dai , Chuan-Sheng Foo , See-Kiong Ng , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

The rise of text-to-video generation models has raised growing concerns over content authenticity, copyright protection, and malicious misuse. Watermarking serves as an effective mechanism for regulating such AI-generated content, where…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yang Yang , Xinze Zou , Zehua Ma , Han Fang , Weiming Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) excellently generate human-like text, but also raise concerns about misuse in fake news and academic dishonesty. Decoding-based watermark, particularly the GumbelMax-trick-based watermark(GM watermark), is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Jiayi Fu , Xuandong Zhao , Ruihan Yang , Yuansen Zhang , Jiangjie Chen , Yanghua Xiao

Amid the burgeoning development of generative models like diffusion models, the task of differentiating synthesized audio from its natural counterpart grows more daunting. Deepfake detection offers a viable solution to combat this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Weizhi Liu , Yue Li , Dongdong Lin , Hui Tian , Haizhou Li

Recent improvements in the quality of the generations by large language models have spurred research into identifying machine-generated text. Such work often presents high-performing detectors. However, humans and machines can produce text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Jad Doughman , Osama Mohammed Afzal , Hawau Olamide Toyin , Shady Shehata , Preslav Nakov , Zeerak Talat