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Large Language Models (LLMs) deliver powerful AI capabilities but face deployment challenges due to high resource costs and latency, whereas Small Language Models (SLMs) offer efficiency and deployability at the cost of reduced performance.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yi Chen , JiaHao Zhao , HaoHao Han

Large Language Models (LLMs) often excel in specific domains but fall short in others due to the limitations of their training. Thus, enabling LLMs to solve problems collaboratively by integrating their complementary knowledge promises to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Ziyao Wang , Muneeza Azmat , Ang Li , Raya Horesh , Mikhail Yurochkin

While diffusion language models (DLMs) have achieved competitive performance in text generation, improving their reasoning ability with reinforcement learning remains an active research area. Here, we introduce d2, a reasoning framework…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Guanghan Wang , Gilad Turok , Yair Schiff , Marianne Arriola , Volodymyr Kuleshov

Large language models (LLMs) are demonstrably capable of cross-lingual transfer, but can produce inconsistent output when prompted with the same queries written in different languages. To understand how language models are able to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zheng Wei Lim , Alham Fikri Aji , Trevor Cohn

Masked diffusion models (MDMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to autoregressive models for language modeling, yet the effective design of transformer architectures for MDMs remains underexplored. In this paper, we show that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Sanghyun Lee , Chunsan Hong , Seungryong Kim , Jonghyun Lee , Jongho Park , Dongmin Park

Recent progress in imitation learning has been enabled by policy architectures that scale to complex visuomotor tasks, multimodal distributions, and large datasets. However, these methods often rely on learning from large amount of expert…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Amber Xie , Oleh Rybkin , Dorsa Sadigh , Chelsea Finn

Autoregressive (AR) language models and Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) constitute the two principal paradigms of large language models. However, both paradigms suffer from insufficient reasoning capabilities. Human reasoning inherently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Kairong Han , Nuanqiao Shan , Ziyu Zhao , Zijing Hu , Xinpeng Dong , Junjian Ye , Lujia Pan , Fei Wu , Kun Kuang

Prompt compression reduces inference cost and context length in large language models, but prior evaluations focus primarily on autoregressive architectures. This study investigates whether prompt compression transfers effectively to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Sterling Huang , Abigayle Brown , Jiyoo Noh , Jiakang Xu , Wantong Huo , Kaung Myat Kyaw , Jonathan Chan

In this work, we investigate how small language models (SLMs) can be scaled to support multimodal search and recommendation use cases while remaining efficient enough for real-time, resource-constrained deployments. We present a framework…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Yu-Chen Lin , Sanat Sharma , Hari Manikandan , Jayant Kumar , Tracy Holloway King , Jing Zheng

Speculative decoding accelerates large language model (LLM) inference by using a lightweight draft model to propose tokens that are later verified by a stronger target model. While effective in centralized systems, its behavior in…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Jingwei Song , Wanyi Chen , Xinyuan Song , Max , Chris Tong , Gufeng Chen , Tianyi Zhao , Eric Yang , Bill Shi , Lynn Ai

Discrete diffusion models (DMs) have achieved strong performance in language and other discrete domains, offering a compelling alternative to autoregressive modeling. Yet this performance typically depends on large training datasets,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Julian Kleutgens , Claudio Battiloro , Lingkai Kong , Benjamin Grewe , Francesca Dominici , Mauricio Tec

Large Language Diffusion Models (LLDMs) benefit from a flexible decoding mechanism that enables parallelized inference and controllable generations over autoregressive models. Yet such flexibility introduces a critical challenge: inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Yichuan Mo , Quan Chen , Mingjie Li , Zeming Wei , Yisen Wang

Score-based Generative Models (SGMs) have demonstrated exceptional synthesis outcomes across various tasks. However, the current design landscape of the forward diffusion process remains largely untapped and often relies on physical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Kushagra Pandey , Stephan Mandt

We present LLaDA2.0-Uni, a unified discrete diffusion large language model (dLLM) that supports multimodal understanding and generation within a natively integrated framework. Its architecture combines a fully semantic discrete tokenizer, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Inclusion AI , Tiwei Bie , Haoxing Chen , Tieyuan Chen , Zhenglin Cheng , Long Cui , Kai Gan , Zhicheng Huang , Zhenzhong Lan , Haoquan Li , Jianguo Li , Tao Lin , Qi Qin , Hongjun Wang , Xiaomei Wang , Haoyuan Wu , Yi Xin , Junbo Zhao

Diffusion Large Language Models (dLLMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to purely autoregressive language models because they can decode multiple tokens in parallel. However, state-of-the-art block-wise dLLMs rely on a "remasking"…

Masked diffusion models (MDMs) have shown promise in language modeling, yet their scalability and effectiveness in core language tasks, such as text generation and language understanding, remain underexplored. This paper establishes the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Shen Nie , Fengqi Zhu , Chao Du , Tianyu Pang , Qian Liu , Guangtao Zeng , Min Lin , Chongxuan Li

To reduce the long training time of large deep neural network (DNN) models, distributed synchronous stochastic gradient descent (S-SGD) is commonly used on a cluster of workers. However, the speedup brought by multiple workers is limited by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Shaohuai Shi , Zhenheng Tang , Qiang Wang , Kaiyong Zhao , Xiaowen Chu

We present a controlled empirical comparison between autoregressive (AR) and masked diffusion (MDLM) language models. Both models are trained on identical data (50M tokens from TinyStories), identical compute budget (20,000 steps, batch…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Caio Vicentino

Small language models (SLMs) are crucial for applications with strict latency and computational constraints, yet achieving high performance remains challenging. Knowledge distillation (KD) can transfer capabilities from large teacher…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Jingyu Peng , Maolin Wang , Hengyi Cai , Yuchen Li , Kai Zhang , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Xiangyu Zhao

Modern LLM pre-training consumes vast amounts of compute and training data, making the scaling behavior, or scaling laws, of different models a key distinguishing factor. Discrete diffusion language models (DLMs) have been proposed as an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Dimitri von Rütte , Janis Fluri , Omead Pooladzandi , Bernhard Schölkopf , Thomas Hofmann , Antonio Orvieto