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We study the cross-entropy method (CEM) for the non-convex optimization of a continuous and parameterized objective function and introduce a differentiable variant that enables us to differentiate the output of CEM with respect to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Brandon Amos , Denis Yarats

Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased their In-Context Learning (ICL) capabilities, enabling few-shot learning without the need for gradient updates. Despite its advantages, the effectiveness of ICL heavily depends on the choice of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Vinay M. S. , Minh-Hao Van , Xintao Wu

In-context learning (ICL) with large language models (LLMs) delivers strong few-shot performance by choosing few-shot demonstrations from the entire training data. However, existing ICL methods, which rely on similarity or diversity scores…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Jiarui Jin , Yuwei Wu , Haoxuan Li , Xiaoting He , Weinan Zhang , Yiming Yang , Yong Yu , Jun Wang , Mengyue Yang

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely explored for embedding generation. While recent studies show that in-context learning (ICL) effectively enhances the representational capability of LLMs by prepending a few task-related…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Ailiang Lin , Zhuoyun Li , Keyu Mao , Kotaro Funakoshi , Manabu Okumura

The in-context learning paradigm with LLMs has been instrumental in advancing a wide range of natural language processing tasks. The selection of few-shot examples (exemplars / demonstration samples) is essential for constructing effective…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Kiran Purohit , V Venktesh , Sourangshu Bhattacharya , Avishek Anand

In-context learning (ICL) operates by showing language models (LMs) examples of input-output pairs for a given task, i.e., demonstrations. The standard approach for ICL is to prompt the LM with concatenated demonstrations followed by the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Muhammad Khalifa , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Moontae Lee , Honglak Lee , Lu Wang

In-Context Learning (ICL) has gained prominence due to its ability to perform tasks without requiring extensive training data and its robustness to noisy labels. A typical ICL workflow involves selecting localized examples relevant to a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Janak Kapuriya , Manit Kaushik , Debasis Ganguly , Sumit Bhatia

In-Context Learning (ICL) enhances the performance of large language models (LLMs) with demonstrations. However, obtaining these demonstrations primarily relies on manual effort. In most real-world scenarios, users are often unwilling or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Jinglong Gao , Xiao Ding , Lingxiao Zou , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

Diversity in demonstration selection is critical for enhancing model generalization by enabling broader coverage of structures and concepts. Constructing appropriate demonstration sets remains a key research challenge. This paper introduces…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Xubin Wang , Jianfei Wu , Yichen Yuan , Deyu Cai , Mingzhe Li , Weijia Jia

As model context lengths continue to increase, the number of demonstrations that can be provided in-context approaches the size of entire training datasets. We study the behavior of in-context learning (ICL) at this extreme scale on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Amanda Bertsch , Maor Ivgi , Emily Xiao , Uri Alon , Jonathan Berant , Matthew R. Gormley , Graham Neubig

In-context learning (ICL) enables large language models (LLMs) to adapt to new tasks during inference using only a few demonstrations. However, ICL performance is highly dependent on the selection of these demonstrations. Recent work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zheng Zhang , Shaocheng Lan , Lei Song , Jiang Bian , Yexin Li , Kan Ren

In-context learning (ICL) of large language models (LLMs) has attracted increasing attention in the community where LLMs make predictions only based on instructions augmented with a few examples. Existing example selection methods for ICL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Haowei Du , Dongyan Zhao

Large Language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive in-context learning (ICL) capabilities, where a LLM makes predictions for a given test input together with a few input-output pairs (demonstrations). Nevertheless, the inclusion of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Yichuan Li , Xiyao Ma , Sixing Lu , Kyumin Lee , Xiaohu Liu , Chenlei Guo

Recent work shows that in-context learning and optimization of in-context examples (ICE) can significantly improve the accuracy of large language models (LLMs) on a wide range of tasks, leading to an apparent consensus that ICE optimization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Pragya Srivastava , Satvik Golechha , Amit Deshpande , Amit Sharma

Large language models (LLMs) can adapt to new tasks through in-context learning (ICL) based on a few examples presented in dialogue history without any model parameter update. Despite such convenience, the performance of ICL heavily depends…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Siyin Wang , Chao-Han Huck Yang , Ji Wu , Chao Zhang

In-context Learning (ICL) has emerged as a powerful capability alongside the development of scaled-up large language models (LLMs). By instructing LLMs using few-shot demonstrative examples, ICL enables them to perform a wide range of tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Quanyu Long , Yin Wu , Wenya Wang , Sinno Jialin Pan

Large pre-trained language models (PLMs) have made significant progress in encoding world knowledge and spawned a new set of learning paradigms including zero-shot, few-shot, and in-context learning. Many language tasks can be modeled as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Debaditya Shome , Kuldeep Yadav

In-context learning (ICL) has emerged as an effective approach to enhance the performance of large language models (LLMs). However, its effectiveness varies significantly across models and tasks, posing challenges for practitioners to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Dingzriui Wang , Xuanliang Zhang , Keyan Xu , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che , Yang Deng

In-context learning (ICL), teaching a large language model (LLM) to perform a task with few-shot demonstrations rather than adjusting the model parameters, has emerged as a strong paradigm for using LLMs. While early studies primarily used…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Man Luo , Xin Xu , Zhuyun Dai , Panupong Pasupat , Mehran Kazemi , Chitta Baral , Vaiva Imbrasaite , Vincent Y Zhao

By allowing models to predict without task-specific training, in-context learning (ICL) with pretrained LLMs has enormous potential in NLP. However, a number of problems persist in ICL. In particular, its performance is sensitive to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Zhichao Xu , Daniel Cohen , Bei Wang , Vivek Srikumar