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LLMs can be unpredictable, as even slight alterations to the prompt can cause the output to change in unexpected ways. Thus, the ability of models to accurately explain their behavior is critical, especially in high-stakes settings. One…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Marvin Limpijankit , Yanda Chen , Melanie Subbiah , Nicholas Deas , Kathleen McKeown

Recently, contrastiveness-based augmentation surges a new climax in the computer vision domain, where some operations, including rotation, crop, and flip, combined with dedicated algorithms, dramatically increase the model generalization…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Han Yue , Chunhui Zhang , Chuxu Zhang , Hongfu Liu

Due to the increasing use of machine learning in practice it becomes more and more important to be able to explain the prediction and behavior of machine learning models. An instance of explanations are counterfactual explanations which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-19 André Artelt , Barbara Hammer

We tackle the problem of computing counterfactual explanations -- minimal changes to the features that flip an undesirable model prediction. We propose a solution to this question for linear Support Vector Machine (SVMs) models. Moreover,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Sebastian Salazar , Samuel Denton , Ansaf Salleb-Aouissi

Despite the widespread adoption of autoregressive language models, explainability evaluation research has predominantly focused on span infilling and masked language models. Evaluating the faithfulness of an explanation method -- how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Sepehr Kamahi , Yadollah Yaghoobzadeh

Accurate estimation of counterfactual outcomes in high-dimensional data is crucial for decision-making and understanding causal relationships and intervention outcomes in various domains, including healthcare, economics, and social…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Jiageng Zhu , Hanchen Xie , Jiazhi Li , Wael Abd-Almageed

Contrastive learning is a model pre-training technique by first creating similar views of the original data, and then encouraging the data and its corresponding views to be close in the embedding space. Contrastive learning has witnessed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Wei Cui , Rasa Hosseinzadeh , Junwei Ma , Tongzi Wu , Yi Sui , Keyvan Golestan

With the wide use of deep neural networks (DNN), model interpretability has become a critical concern, since explainable decisions are preferred in high-stake scenarios. Current interpretation techniques mainly focus on the feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Fan Yang , Ninghao Liu , Mengnan Du , Xia Hu

A major impediment to the application of deep learning to real-world problems is the scarcity of labeled data. Small training sets are in fact of no use to deep networks as, due to the large number of trainable parameters, they will very…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-05-29 Ismail Elezi , Alessandro Torcinovich , Sebastiano Vascon , Marcello Pelillo

While AI algorithms have shown remarkable success in various fields, their lack of transparency hinders their application to real-life tasks. Although explanations targeted at non-experts are necessary for user trust and human-AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Jasmina Gajcin , Ivana Dusparic

Contrastive learning-based recommendation algorithms have significantly advanced the field of self-supervised recommendation, particularly with BPR as a representative ranking prediction task that dominates implicit collaborative filtering.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Shipeng Song , Bin Liu , Fei Teng , Tianrui Li

Evaluating hypothetical statements about how the world would be had a different course of action been taken is arguably one key capability expected from modern AI systems. Counterfactual reasoning underpins discussions in fairness, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Kevin Xia , Yushu Pan , Elias Bareinboim

Deep learning (DL) models in medical imaging face challenges in generalizability and robustness due to variations in image acquisition parameters (IAP). In this work, we introduce a novel method using conditional denoising diffusion…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-01 Pedro Morão , Joao Santinha , Yasna Forghani , Nuno Loução , Pedro Gouveia , Mario A. T. Figueiredo

Counterfactual explanations are a common tool to explain artificial intelligence models. For Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents, they answer "Why not?" or "What if?" questions by illustrating what minimal change to a state is needed such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-27 Tobias Huber , Maximilian Demmler , Silvan Mertes , Matthew L. Olson , Elisabeth André

To understand the black-box characteristics of deep networks, counterfactual explanation that deduces not only the important features of an input space but also how those features should be modified to classify input as a target class has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-15 Hong-Gyu Jung , Sin-Han Kang , Hee-Dong Kim , Dong-Ok Won , Seong-Whan Lee

Machine learning models that automate decision-making are increasingly being used in consequential areas such as loan approvals, pretrial bail approval, hiring, and many more. Unfortunately, most of these models are black-boxes, i.e., they…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Sopam Dasgupta , Farhad Shakerin , Joaquín Arias , Elmer Salazar , Gopal Gupta

Due to the limited availability of medical data, deep learning approaches for medical image analysis tend to generalise poorly to unseen data. Augmenting data during training with random transformations has been shown to help and became a…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-04 Tian Xia , Pedro Sanchez , Chen Qin , Sotirios A. Tsaftaris

Unlike traditional supervised learning, in many settings only partial feedback is available. We may only observe outcomes for the chosen actions, but not the counterfactual outcomes associated with other alternatives. Such settings…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Ruijiang Gao , Max Biggs , Wei Sun , Ligong Han

Counterfactual data augmentation (CDA) -- i.e., adding minimally perturbed inputs during training -- helps reduce model reliance on spurious correlations and improves generalization to out-of-distribution (OOD) data. Prior work on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Tanay Dixit , Bhargavi Paranjape , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Luke Zettlemoyer

Augmenting data in image space (eg. flipping, cropping etc) and activation space (eg. dropout) are being widely used to regularise deep neural networks and have been successfully applied on several computer vision tasks. Unlike previous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-17 Binod Bhattarai , Rumeysa Bodur , Tae-Kyun Kim