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Usually, programming languages have official documentation to guide developers with APIs, methods, and classes. However, researchers identified insufficient or inadequate documentation examples and flaws with the API's complex structure as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-05 AmirHossein Naghshzan , Latifa Guerrouj , Olga Baysal

Recently, dense passage retrieval has become a mainstream approach to finding relevant information in various natural language processing tasks. A number of studies have been devoted to improving the widely adopted dual-encoder…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Ruiyang Ren , Shangwen Lv , Yingqi Qu , Jing Liu , Wayne Xin Zhao , QiaoQiao She , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang , Ji-Rong Wen

Despite the success of attention-based neural models for natural language generation and classification tasks, they are unable to capture the discourse structure of larger documents. We hypothesize that explicit discourse representations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Fajri Koto , Jey Han Lau , Timothy Baldwin

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit outstanding performance in machine translation via in-context learning. In contrast to sentence-level translation, document-level translation (DOCMT) by LLMs based on in-context learning faces two major…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Menglong Cui , Jiangcun Du , Shaolin Zhu , Deyi Xiong

In this paper, we present an approach to incorporate retrieved datapoints as supporting evidence for context-dependent semantic parsing, such as generating source code conditioned on the class environment. Our approach naturally combines a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Daya Guo , Duyu Tang , Nan Duan , Ming Zhou , Jian Yin

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a promising approach to mitigate hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs) for legal applications, but its reliability is critically dependent on the accuracy of the retrieval step. This is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Markus Reuter , Tobias Lingenberg , Rūta Liepiņa , Francesca Lagioia , Marco Lippi , Giovanni Sartor , Andrea Passerini , Burcu Sayin

Many discriminative natural language understanding (NLU) tasks have large label spaces. Learning such a process of large-space decision making is particularly challenging due to the lack of training instances per label and the difficulty of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Nan Xu , Fei Wang , Mingtao Dong , Muhao Chen

Document-level relation extraction faces two overlooked challenges: long-tail problem and multi-label problem. Previous work focuses mainly on obtaining better contextual representations for entity pairs, hardly address the above…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Ridong Han , Tao Peng , Benyou Wang , Lu Liu , Xiang Wan

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems have made significant progress in solving complex multi-hop question answering (QA) tasks in the English scenario. However, RAG systems inevitably face the application scenario of retrieving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Yilin Wang , Yuchun Fan , Jiaoyang Li , Ziming Zhu , Yongyu Mu , Qiaozhi He , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Audio-text retrieval based on natural language descriptions is a challenging task. It involves learning cross-modality alignments between long sequences under inadequate data conditions. In this work, we investigate several audio features…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Siyu Lou , Xuenan Xu , Mengyue Wu , Kai Yu

Large vision language models (LVLMs) have improved the document understanding capabilities remarkably, enabling the handling of complex document elements, longer contexts, and a wider range of tasks. However, existing document understanding…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Chao Deng , Jiale Yuan , Pi Bu , Peijie Wang , Zhong-Zhi Li , Jian Xu , Xiao-Hui Li , Yuan Gao , Jun Song , Bo Zheng , Cheng-Lin Liu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves large language models by retrieving external knowledge, often truncated into smaller chunks due to the input context window, which leads to information loss, resulting in response hallucinations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Jie Zhang , Bo Tang , Wanzi Shao , Wenqiang Wei , Jihao Zhao , Jianqing Zhu , Zhiyu li , Wen Xi , Zehao Lin , Feiyu Xiong , Yanchao Tan

Text embedding representing natural language documents in a semantic vector space can be used for document retrieval using nearest neighbor lookup. In order to study the feasibility of neural models specialized for retrieval in a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-05-03 Tolgahan Cakaloglu , Christian Szegedy , Xiaowei Xu

Passage retrieval is a fundamental task in information retrieval (IR) research, which has drawn much attention recently. In the English field, the availability of large-scale annotated dataset (e.g, MS MARCO) and the emergence of deep…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Dingkun Long , Qiong Gao , Kuan Zou , Guangwei Xu , Pengjun Xie , Ruijie Guo , Jian Xu , Guanjun Jiang , Luxi Xing , Ping Yang

Retrieving relevant contexts from a large corpus is a crucial step for tasks such as open-domain question answering and fact checking. Although neural retrieval outperforms traditional methods like tf-idf and BM25, its performance degrades…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Jean Maillard , Vladimir Karpukhin , Fabio Petroni , Wen-tau Yih , Barlas Oğuz , Veselin Stoyanov , Gargi Ghosh

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a powerful paradigm for improving large language models (LLMs) on knowledge-intensive question answering. Graph-based RAG (GraphRAG) leverages entity-relation graphs to support multi-hop reasoning,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Kai Guo , Xinnan Dai , Shenglai Zeng , Harry Shomer , Haoyu Han , Yu Wang , Jiliang Tang

Neural information retrieval systems typically use a cascading pipeline, in which a first-stage model retrieves a candidate set of documents and one or more subsequent stages re-rank this set using contextualized language models such as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Antonio Mallia , Omar Khattab , Nicola Tonellotto , Torsten Suel

Document-level relation extraction (DocRE) predicts relations for entity pairs that rely on long-range context-dependent reasoning in a document. As a typical multi-label classification problem, DocRE faces the challenge of effectively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Jia Guo , Stanley Kok , Lidong Bing

Search systems often employ a re-ranking pipeline, wherein documents (or passages) from an initial pool of candidates are assigned new ranking scores. The process enables the use of highly-effective but expensive scoring functions that are…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Sean MacAvaney , Nicola Tonellotto , Craig Macdonald

Current general-purpose large language models (LLMs) commonly exhibit knowledge hallucination and insufficient domain-specific adaptability in domain-specific tasks, limiting their effectiveness in specialized question answering scenarios.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Mengzheng Yang , Yanfei Ren , David Osei Opoku , Ruochang Li , Peng Ren , Chunxiao Xing