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Machine Learning (ML) models are increasingly deployed in the wild to perform a wide range of tasks. In this work, we ask to what extent can an adversary steal functionality of such "victim" models based solely on blackbox interactions:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-12-10 Tribhuvanesh Orekondy , Bernt Schiele , Mario Fritz

In model extraction attacks, adversaries can steal a machine learning model exposed via a public API by repeatedly querying it and adjusting their own model based on obtained predictions. To prevent model stealing, existing defenses focus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Adam Dziedzic , Muhammad Ahmad Kaleem , Yu Shen Lu , Nicolas Papernot

By adding exiting layers to the deep learning networks, early exit can terminate the inference earlier with accurate results. The passive decision-making of whether to exit or continue the next layer has to go through every pre-placed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Xiangjie Li , Chenfei Lou , Zhengping Zhu , Yuchi Chen , Yingtao Shen , Yehan Ma , An Zou

Deep Neural Networks are powerful models that attained remarkable results on a variety of tasks. These models are shown to be extremely efficient when training and test data are drawn from the same distribution. However, it is not clear how…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-01-11 Gabi Shalev , Yossi Adi , Joseph Keshet

A significant number of machine learning models are vulnerable to model extraction attacks, which focus on stealing the models by using specially curated queries against the target model. This task is well accomplished by using part of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-11 Harshit Shah , Aravindhan G , Pavan Kulkarni , Yuvaraj Govidarajulu , Manojkumar Parmar

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) models become one of the most valuable enterprise assets due to their critical roles in all aspects of applications. With the trend of privatization deployment of DNN models, the data leakage of the DNN models is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Yuankun Zhu , Yueqiang Cheng , Husheng Zhou , Yantao Lu

Diffusion models have shown remarkable performance in generation problems over various domains including images, videos, text, and audio. A practical bottleneck of diffusion models is their sampling speed, due to the repeated evaluation of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Taehong Moon , Moonseok Choi , EungGu Yun , Jongmin Yoon , Gayoung Lee , Jaewoong Cho , Juho Lee

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are susceptible to model stealing attacks, which allows a data-limited adversary with no knowledge of the training dataset to clone the functionality of a target model, just by using black-box query access. Such…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-19 Sanjay Kariyappa , Moinuddin K Qureshi

Model extraction attacks pose significant security threats to deployed language models, potentially compromising intellectual property and user privacy. This survey provides a comprehensive taxonomy of LLM-specific extraction attacks and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Kaixiang Zhao , Lincan Li , Kaize Ding , Neil Zhenqiang Gong , Yue Zhao , Yushun Dong

Deep neural networks are state of the art methods for many learning tasks due to their ability to extract increasingly better features at each network layer. However, the improved performance of additional layers in a deep network comes at…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-09-07 Surat Teerapittayanon , Bradley McDanel , H. T. Kung

Deploying large language model inference remains challenging due to their high computational overhead. Early exit optimizes model inference by adaptively reducing the number of inference layers. Current methods typically train internal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Lianming Huang , Shangyu Wu , Yufei Cui , Ying Xiong , Haibo Hu , Xue Liu , Tei-Wei Kuo , Nan Guan , Chun Jason Xue

Model extraction attacks aim to replicate the functionality of a black-box model through query access, threatening the intellectual property (IP) of machine-learning-as-a-service (MLaaS) providers. Defending against such attacks is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Xueqi Cheng , Minxing Zheng , Shixiang Zhu , Yushun Dong

Deep neural networks provide state-of-the-art accuracy for vision tasks but they require significant resources for training. Thus, they are trained on cloud servers far from the edge devices that acquire the data. This issue increases…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Yamin Sepehri , Pedram Pad , Ahmet Caner Yüzügüler , Pascal Frossard , L. Andrea Dunbar

Early-exit networks are effective solutions for reducing the overall energy consumption and latency of deep learning models by adjusting computation based on the complexity of input data. By incorporating intermediate exit branches into the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Oscar Robben , Saeed Khalilian , Nirvana Meratnia

Machine learning algorithms, however effective, are known to be vulnerable in adversarial scenarios where a malicious user may inject manipulated instances. In this work we focus on evasion attacks, where a model is trained in a safe…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-08 Stefano Calzavara , Claudio Lucchese , Federico Marcuzzi , Salvatore Orlando

Purveyors of malicious network attacks continue to increase the complexity and the sophistication of their techniques, and their ability to evade detection continues to improve as well. Hence, intrusion detection systems must also evolve to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-20 Ahmed Shafee , Mohamed Baza , Douglas A. Talbert , Mostafa M. Fouda , Mahmoud Nabil , Mohamed Mahmoud

Graph data, such as chemical networks and social networks, may be deemed confidential/private because the data owner often spends lots of resources collecting the data or the data contains sensitive information, e.g., social relationships.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Xinlei He , Jinyuan Jia , Michael Backes , Neil Zhenqiang Gong , Yang Zhang

The privacy of machine learning models has become a significant concern in many emerging Machine-Learning-as-a-Service applications, where prediction services based on well-trained models are offered to users via pay-per-query. The lack of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-24 Xun Xian , Mingyi Hong , Jie Ding

Deep neural networks, costly to train and rich in intellectual property value, are increasingly threatened by model extraction attacks that compromise their confidentiality. Previous attacks have succeeded in reverse-engineering model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Hanna Foerster , Robert Mullins , Ilia Shumailov , Jamie Hayes

Model extraction is a growing concern for the security of AI systems. For deep neural network models, the architecture is the most important information an adversary aims to recover. Being a sequence of repeated computation blocks, neural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Raphael Joud , Pierre-Alain Moellic , Simon Pontie , Jean-Baptiste Rigaud
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