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Despite the success of large language models (LLMs) in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, the stored knowledge in these models may inevitably be incomplete, out-of-date, or incorrect. This motivates the need to utilize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Hangfeng He , Hongming Zhang , Dan Roth

Vision-language models (VLMs) are typically composed of a vision encoder, e.g. CLIP, and a language model (LM) that interprets the encoded features to solve downstream tasks. Despite remarkable progress, VLMs are subject to several…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Oğuzhan Fatih Kar , Alessio Tonioni , Petra Poklukar , Achin Kulshrestha , Amir Zamir , Federico Tombari

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex reasoning tasks, yet generating reliable reasoning processes remains a significant challenge. We present a unified probabilistic framework that formalizes LLM…

Visual language models (VLMs) rapidly progressed with the recent success of large language models. There have been growing efforts on visual instruction tuning to extend the LLM with visual inputs, but lacks an in-depth study of the visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Ji Lin , Hongxu Yin , Wei Ping , Yao Lu , Pavlo Molchanov , Andrew Tao , Huizi Mao , Jan Kautz , Mohammad Shoeybi , Song Han

Test-time scaling (TTS) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for improving the reasoning ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) by allocating additional computation at inference, yet its application to multimodal systems such as…

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have shown promising capabilities for embodied intelligence, but most existing approaches rely on text-based chain-of-thought reasoning where visual inputs are treated as static context. This limits the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Chaoyang Wang , Wenrui Bao , Sicheng Gao , Bingxin Xu , Yu Tian , Yogesh S. Rawat , Yunhao Ge , Yuzhang Shang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has shown impressive results in sequential decision-making tasks. Meanwhile, Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have emerged, exhibiting impressive capabilities in multimodal…

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) often struggle to accurately perceive fine-grained visual details, especially when targets are tiny or visually subtle. This challenge can be addressed through semantic-visual information fusion,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Yuxiang Shen , Hailong Huang , Zhenkun Gao , Xueheng Li , Man Zhou , Chengjun Xie , Haoxuan Che , Xuanhua He , Jie Zhang

The spatial reasoning task aims to reason about the spatial relationships in 2D and 3D space, which is a fundamental capability for Visual Question Answering (VQA) and robotics. Although vision language models (VLMs) have developed rapidly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Xun Liang , Xin Guo , Zhongming Jin , Weihang Pan , Penghui Shang , Deng Cai , Binbin Lin , Jieping Ye

Recently, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in complex visual tasks through the integration of Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning. However, in Video Question Answering, extended thinking…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Xiaokun Sun , Yubo Wang , Haoyu Cao , Linli Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at many tasks but struggle with ambiguous scenarios where multiple valid responses exist, often yielding unreliable results. Conversely, Small Language Models (SLMs) demonstrate robustness in such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Kun Zhao , Bohao Yang , Chen Tang , Siyuan Dai , Haoteng Tang , Chenghua Lin , Liang Zhan

Existing approaches based on context prompting or reinforcement learning (RL) to improve the reasoning capacities of large language models (LLMs) depend on the LLMs' internal knowledge to produce reliable Chain-Of-Thought (CoT). However, no…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Jiashu He , Mingyu Derek Ma , Jinxuan Fan , Dan Roth , Wei Wang , Alejandro Ribeiro

While large language models (LLMs) demonstrate strong reasoning capabilities utilizing reinforcement learning (RL) with verifiable reward, whether large vision-language models (VLMs) can directly inherit such capabilities through similar…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Tianle Li , Jihai Zhang , Yongming Rao , Yu Cheng

Process Reward Model (PRM) is widely used in the post-training of Large Language Model (LLM) because it can perform fine-grained evaluation of the reasoning steps of generated content. However, most PRMs lack long-term reasoning and deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Xinquan Chen , Chongying Yue , Bangwei Liu , Xuhong Wang , Yingchun Wang , Chaochao Lu

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have advanced the integration of visual and linguistic modalities, establishing themselves as the dominant paradigm for visual-language tasks. Current approaches like chain of thought (CoT) reasoning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Haojie Zheng , Tianyang Xu , Hanchi Sun , Shu Pu , Ruoxi Chen , Lichao Sun

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have recently gained attention due to their competitive performance on multiple downstream tasks, achieved by following user-input instructions. However, VLMs still exhibit several limitations in visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Simone Alghisi , Gabriel Roccabruna , Massimo Rizzoli , Seyed Mahed Mousavi , Giuseppe Riccardi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in various natural language processing tasks but face challenges in mathematical reasoning, where complex problem-solving requires both linguistic understanding and mathematical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Shuguang Chen , Guang Lin

In this work, we investigate the potential of a large language model (LLM) to directly comprehend visual signals without the necessity of fine-tuning on multi-modal datasets. The foundational concept of our method views an image as a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Lei Zhu , Fangyun Wei , Yanye Lu

Traditional neural network models for intent inference rely heavily on observable states and struggle to generalize across diverse tasks and dynamic environments. Recent advances in Vision Language Models (VLMs) and Vision Language Action…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Anshul Nayak , Shahil Shaik , Yue Wang

When faced with complex problems, we tend to engage in slower, more deliberate thinking. In contrast, for simple questions we give quick, intuitive responses. This dual-system thinking approach allows us to allocate cognitive resources…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Chenyu Lin , Cheng Chi , Jinlin Wu , Sharon Li , Kaiyang Zhou