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Large language models (LLMs) and multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have significantly advanced artificial intelligence. However, visual reasoning, reasoning involving both visual and textual inputs, remains underexplored. Recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-18 I-Sheng Fang , Jun-Cheng Chen

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) that integrate visual and textual reasoning leverage chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting to tackle complex visual tasks, yet continue to exhibit visual hallucinations and an over-reliance on textual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Jing Bi , Guangyu Sun , Ali Vosoughi , Chen Chen , Chenliang Xu

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved remarkable progress across tasks such as visual question answering and image captioning. Yet, the extent to which these models perform visual reasoning as opposed to relying on linguistic priors…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Brigitta Malagurski Törtei , Yasser Dahou , Ngoc Dung Huynh , Wamiq Reyaz Para , Phúc H. Lê Khac , Ankit Singh , Sofian Chaybouti , Sanath Narayan

This paper presents a comprehensive survey of vision-language (VL) intelligence from the perspective of time. This survey is inspired by the remarkable progress in both computer vision and natural language processing, and recent trends…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-04 Feng Li , Hao Zhang , Yi-Fan Zhang , Shilong Liu , Jian Guo , Lionel M. Ni , PengChuan Zhang , Lei Zhang

Multimodal adaptation equips large language models (LLMs) with perceptual capabilities, but often weakens the reasoning ability inherited from language-only pretraining. This trade-off is especially pronounced in video-language models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Zihang Fu , Haonan Wang , Jian Kang , Kenji Kawaguchi , Jiaying Wu

Vision language models (VLMs) are increasingly capable of reasoning over images, but robust visual reasoning often requires re-grounding intermediate steps in the underlying visual evidence. Recent approaches typically rely on external…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Zeru Shi , Kai Mei , Yihao Quan , Dimitris N. Metaxas , Ruixiang Tang

Video reasoning using Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) relies on costly reinforcement learning (RL) and verbose chain-of-thought, resulting in substantial computational overhead during both training and inference. Moreover, the mechanisms…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Deepak Sridhar , Kartikeya Bhardwaj , Jeya Pradha Jeyaraj , Nuno Vasconcelos , Ankita Nayak , Harris Teague

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive reasoning ability and the maintenance of world knowledge not only in natural language tasks, but also in some vision-language tasks such as open-domain knowledge-based visual question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Ziyue Wang , Chi Chen , Peng Li , Yang Liu

Visual reasoning is dominated by end-to-end neural networks scaled to billions of model parameters and training examples. However, even the largest models struggle with compositional reasoning, generalization, fine-grained spatial and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Aleksandar Stanić , Sergi Caelles , Michael Tschannen

Recent advances in large Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have exhibited strong reasoning capabilities on complex visual tasks by thinking with images in their Chain-of-Thought (CoT), which is achieved by actively invoking tools to analyze…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Wenhao Yang , Yu Xia , Jinlong Huang , Shiyin Lu , Qing-Guo Chen , Zhao Xu , Weihua Luo , Kaifu Zhang , Yuanyu Wan , Lijun Zhang

Video Large Language Models (VideoLLMs) excel at video understanding tasks where outputs are textual, such as Video Question Answering and Video Captioning. However, they underperform specialized embedding-based models in Retrieval tasks,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Rohit Gupta , Jayakrishnan Unnikrishnan , Fan Fei , Sheng Liu , Son Tran , Mubarak Shah

Vision-language models (VLMs) have shown impressive zero- and few-shot performance on real-world visual question answering (VQA) benchmarks, alluding to their capabilities as visual reasoning engines. However, the benchmarks being used…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Aishik Nagar , Shantanu Jaiswal , Cheston Tan

The application of visual instruction tuning and other post-training techniques has significantly enhanced the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in visual understanding, enriching Vision-Language Models (VLMs) with more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Mingjie Xu , Andrew Estornell , Hongzheng Yang , Yuzhi Zhao , Zhaowei Zhu , Qi Xuan , Jiaheng Wei

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are expected to be capable of reasoning with commonsense knowledge as human beings. One example is that humans can reason where and when an image is taken based on their knowledge. This makes us wonder if,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Gengyuan Zhang , Yurui Zhang , Kerui Zhang , Volker Tresp

Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs) as reasoning modules that can deconstruct complex tasks into more manageable sub-tasks, particularly when applied to visual reasoning tasks for images. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Ahmad Mahmood , Ashmal Vayani , Muzammal Naseer , Salman Khan , Fahad Shahbaz Khan

Large language models (LLMs) have been routinely used to solve various tasks using step-by-step reasoning. However, the structure of intermediate reasoning steps, or thoughts, is rigid and unidirectional, such as chains, trees, or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Sijia Chen , Baochun Li

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) excel at complex visual tasks such as VQA and chart understanding, yet recent work suggests they struggle with simple perceptual tests. We present an evaluation of vision-language models' capacity for nonlocal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Shmuel Berman , Jia Deng

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive performance in language comprehension and various reasoning tasks. However, their abilities in spatial reasoning, a crucial aspect of human cognition, remain relatively unexplored.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Wenshan Wu , Shaoguang Mao , Yadong Zhang , Yan Xia , Li Dong , Lei Cui , Furu Wei

Open-source multimodal large language models (MLLMs) excel in various tasks involving textual and visual inputs but still struggle with complex multimodal mathematical reasoning, lagging behind proprietary models like GPT-4V(ision) and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Mengzhao Jia , Zhihan Zhang , Wenhao Yu , Fangkai Jiao , Meng Jiang

Improving the multi-step reasoning ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) is a critical yet challenging task. The dominant paradigm, outcome-supervised reinforcement learning (RLVR), rewards only correct final answers, often propagating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Beining Wang , Weihang Su , Hongtao Tian , Tao Yang , Yujia Zhou , Ting Yao , Qingyao Ai , Yiqun Liu