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Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen widespread deployment in various real-world applications. Understanding these biases is crucial to comprehend the potential downstream consequences when using LLMs to make decisions, particularly for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Abel Salinas , Parth Vipul Shah , Yuzhong Huang , Robert McCormack , Fred Morstatter

Work on bias in pretrained language models (PLMs) focuses on bias evaluation and mitigation and fails to tackle the question of bias attribution and explainability. We propose a novel metric, the $\textit{bias attribution score}$, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Lance Calvin Lim Gamboa , Mark Lee

Regulatory efforts to protect against algorithmic bias have taken on increased urgency with rapid advances in large language models (LLMs), which are machine learning models that can achieve performance rivaling human experts on a wide…

Applications · Statistics 2024-04-05 Johann D. Gaebler , Sharad Goel , Aziz Huq , Prasanna Tambe

Large language models (LLMs) are helping millions of users write texts about diverse issues, and in doing so expose users to different ideas and perspectives. This creates concerns about issue bias, where an LLM tends to present just one…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Paul Röttger , Musashi Hinck , Valentin Hofmann , Kobi Hackenburg , Valentina Pyatkin , Faeze Brahman , Dirk Hovy

We investigate the potential for nationality biases in natural language processing (NLP) models using human evaluation methods. Biased NLP models can perpetuate stereotypes and lead to algorithmic discrimination, posing a significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Pranav Narayanan Venkit , Sanjana Gautam , Ruchi Panchanadikar , Ting-Hao `Kenneth' Huang , Shomir Wilson

Language representations are efficient tools used across NLP applications, but they are strife with encoded societal biases. These biases are studied extensively, but with a primary focus on English language representations and biases…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Vijit Malik , Sunipa Dev , Akihiro Nishi , Nanyun Peng , Kai-Wei Chang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in Automated Essay Scoring (AES) due to their ability to capture semantic meaning. Traditional fine-tuning approaches required technical expertise, limiting accessibility for educators with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Kaixun Yang , Mladen Raković , Dragan Gašević , Guanliang Chen

Transformer language models have received widespread public attention, yet their generated text is often surprising even to NLP researchers. In this survey, we discuss over 250 recent studies of English language model behavior before…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Tyler A. Chang , Benjamin K. Bergen

This paper investigates the influence of cognitive biases on Large Language Models (LLMs) outputs. Cognitive biases, such as confirmation and availability biases, can distort user inputs through prompts, potentially leading to unfaithful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yan Sun , Stanley Kok

This paper addresses the issue of implicit stereotypes that may arise during the generation process of large language models. It proposes an interpretable bias detection method aimed at identifying hidden social biases in model outputs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Renhan Zhang , Lian Lian , Zhen Qi , Guiran Liu

Generated texts from large language models (LLMs) have been shown to exhibit a variety of harmful, human-like biases against various demographics. These findings motivate research efforts aiming to understand and measure such effects. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Yuen Chen , Vethavikashini Chithrra Raghuram , Justus Mattern , Rada Mihalcea , Zhijing Jin

Annotators' sociodemographic backgrounds (i.e., the individual compositions of their gender, age, educational background, etc.) have a strong impact on their decisions when working on subjective NLP tasks, such as toxic language detection.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Tilman Beck , Hendrik Schuff , Anne Lauscher , Iryna Gurevych

Design biases in NLP systems, such as performance differences for different populations, often stem from their creator's positionality, i.e., views and lived experiences shaped by identity and background. Despite the prevalence and risks of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Sebastin Santy , Jenny T. Liang , Ronan Le Bras , Katharina Reinecke , Maarten Sap

System prompts provide a lightweight yet powerful mechanism for conditioning large language models (LLMs) at inference time. While prior work has focused on English-only settings, real-world deployments benefit from having a single prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Lechen Zhang , Yusheng Zhou , Tolga Ergen , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Moontae Lee , David Jurgens

Large language models have demonstrated surprising ability to perform in-context learning, i.e., these models can be directly applied to solve numerous downstream tasks by conditioning on a prompt constructed by a few input-output examples.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Huan Ma , Changqing Zhang , Yatao Bian , Lemao Liu , Zhirui Zhang , Peilin Zhao , Shu Zhang , Huazhu Fu , Qinghua Hu , Bingzhe Wu

Cognitive biases, systematic deviations from rationality in judgment, pose significant challenges in generating objective content. This paper introduces a novel approach for real-time cognitive bias detection in user-generated text using…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Frederic Lemieux , Aisha Behr , Clara Kellermann-Bryant , Zaki Mohammed

Language modeling studies the probability distributions over strings of texts. It is one of the most fundamental tasks in natural language processing (NLP). It has been widely used in text generation, speech recognition, machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Chengwei Wei , Yun-Cheng Wang , Bin Wang , C. -C. Jay Kuo

Note: This paper includes examples of potentially offensive content related to religious bias, presented solely for academic purposes. The widespread adoption of language models highlights the need for critical examinations of their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Ajwad Abrar , Nafisa Tabassum Oeshy , Mohsinul Kabir , Sophia Ananiadou

Contextualized word embeddings have been replacing standard embeddings as the representational knowledge source of choice in NLP systems. Since a variety of biases have previously been found in standard word embeddings, it is crucial to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-29 Marion Bartl , Malvina Nissim , Albert Gatt

This paper presents novel experiments shedding light on the shortcomings of current metrics for assessing biases of gender discrimination made by machine learning algorithms on textual data. We focus on the Bios dataset, and our learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Fanny Jourdan , Laurent Risser , Jean-Michel Loubes , Nicholas Asher