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Related papers: Testing Isomorphism of Graphs in Polynomial Time

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A partial complement of the graph $G$ is a graph obtained from $G$ by complementing all the edges in one of its induced subgraphs. We study the following algorithmic question: for a given graph $G$ and graph class $\mathcal{G}$, is there a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Fedor V. Fomin , Petr A. Golovach , Torstein J. F. Strømme , Dimitrios M. Thilikos

In this paper, we show the existence of a polynomial time graph isomorphism algorithm for all graphs excluding graphs that are locally trianglefree. This particular class of graphs allows to divide the graph into neighbourhood sub-graph…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-06-02 Fahad Bin Mortuza

The $k$-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman procedure ($k$-WL), which colors $k$-tuples of vertices in rounds based on the neighborhood structure in the graph, has proven to be immensely fruitful in the algorithmic study of Graph Isomorphism. More…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-06-08 V. Arvind , Frank Fuhlbrück , Johannes Köbler , Oleg Verbitsky

The $k$-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm ($k$-WL) is a very useful combinatorial tool in graph isomorphism testing. We address the applicability of $k$-WL to recognition of graph properties. Let $G$ be an input graph with $n$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-07-31 Frank Fuhlbrück , Johannes Köbler , Ilia Ponomarenko , Oleg Verbitsky

A homomorphism from a graph $G$ to a graph $H$ is an edge-preserving mapping from $V(G)$ to $V(H)$. For a fixed graph $H$, in the list homomorphism problem, denoted by LHom($H$), we are given a graph $G$, whose every vertex $v$ is equipped…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Karolina Okrasa , Paweł Rzążewski

Current GNN architectures use a vertex neighborhood aggregation scheme, which limits their discriminative power to that of the 1-dimensional Weisfeiler-Lehman (WL) graph isomorphism test. Here, we propose a novel graph convolution operator…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Clemens Damke , Vitalik Melnikov , Eyke Hüllermeier

The $k$-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm ($k$-WL) is a fruitful approach to the Graph Isomorphism problem. 2-WL corresponds to the original algorithm suggested by Weisfeiler and Leman over 50 years ago. 1-WL is the classical color…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2019-04-10 V. Arvind , Frank Fuhlbrück , Johannes Köbler , Oleg Verbitsky

Twin-width is a graph parameter introduced in the context of first-order model checking, and has since become a central parameter in algorithmic graph theory. While many algorithmic problems become easier on arbitrary classes of bounded…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-12 Irene Heinrich , Moritz Lichter , Klara Pakhomenko , Simon Raßmann

We introduce and study the problem \mpd, which asks for two planar graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$ whether $G_1$ can be embedded such that its dual is isomorphic to $G_2$. Our algorithmic main result is an NP-completeness proof for the general case…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-03-08 Patrizio Angelini , Thomas Bläsius , Ignaz Rutter

The graph isomorphism is to determine whether two graphs are isomorphic. A closely related problem is automorphism detection, where an isomorphism between two graphs is a bijection between their vertex sets that preserves adjacency, and an…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-11-18 Can Lu , Jeffrey Xu Yu , Zhiwei Zhang , Hong Cheng

The expressive power of message passing GNNs is upper-bounded by Weisfeiler-Lehman (WL) test. To achieve high expressive GNNs beyond WL test, we propose a novel graph isomorphism test method, namely Twin-WL, which simultaneously passes node…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Zhaohui Wang , Qi Cao , Huawei Shen , Bingbing Xu , Xueqi Cheng

Graph isomorphism is an important computer science problem. The problem for the general case is unknown to be in polynomial time. The base algorithm for the general case works in quasi-polynomial time. The solutions in polynomial time for…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-11-23 Vaibhav Amit Patel

A graph $\Gamma$ is called $G$-symmetric if it admits $G$ as a group of automorphisms acting transitively on the set of ordered pairs of adjacent vertices. We give a classification of $G$-symmetric graphs $\Gamma$ with $V(\Gamma)$ admitting…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2017-06-19 Teng Fang , Xin Gui Fang , Binzhou Xia , Sanming Zhou

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are known to match the distinguishing power of the 1-Weisfeiler-Lehman (1-WL) test, and the resulting partitions coincide with the unfolding tree equivalence classes of graphs. Preserving this equivalence, GNNs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Silvia Beddar-Wiesing , Alice Moallemy-Oureh

There is no known polynomial-time algorithm for graph isomorphism testing, but elementary combinatorial "refinement" algorithms seem to be very efficient in practice. Some philosophical justification is provided by a classical theorem of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-10-17 Michael Anastos , Matthew Kwan , Benjamin Moore

An $H$-graph is an intersection graph of connected subgraphs of a suitable subdivision of a fixed graph $H$. Many important classes of graphs, including interval graphs, circular-arc graphs, and chordal graphs, can be expressed as…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Deniz Ağaoğlu Çağırıcı , Peter Zeman

The Weisfeiler-Leman procedure is a widely-used technique for graph isomorphism testing that works by iteratively computing an isomorphism-invariant coloring of vertex tuples. Meanwhile, a fundamental tool in structural graph theory, which…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Sandra Kiefer , Daniel Neuen

The stabilization algorithm of Weisfeiler and Leman has as an input any square matrix A of order n and returns the minimal cellular (coherent) algebra W(A) which includes A. In case when A=A(G) is the adjacency matrix of a graph G the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-02-10 Luitpold Babel , Irina V. Chuvaeva , Mikhail Klin , Dmitrii V. Pasechnik

A graph $G$ covers a graph $H$ if there exists a locally bijective homomorphism from $G$ to $H$. We deal with regular covers where this homomorphism is prescribed by the action of a semiregular subgroup of $\textrm{Aut}(G)$. We study…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-01-31 Jiří Fiala , Pavel Klavík , Jan Kratochvíl , Roman Nedela

An explicit algorithm is presented for testing whether two non-directed graphs are isomorphic or not. It is shown that for a graph of n vertices, the number of n independent operations needed for the test is polynomial in n. A proof that…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Moshe Schwartz