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Inference-time computation techniques, analogous to human System 2 Thinking, have recently become popular for improving model performances. However, most existing approaches suffer from several limitations: they are modality-specific (e.g.,…

This work introduces approaches to assessing phrase breaks in ESL learners' speech using pre-trained language models (PLMs) and large language models (LLMs). There are two tasks: overall assessment of phrase break for a speech clip and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Zhiyi Wang , Shaoguang Mao , Wenshan Wu , Yan Xia , Yan Deng , Jonathan Tien

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly recognized for their exceptional generative capabilities and versatility across various tasks. However, the high inference costs associated with these models have not received adequate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Soham Poddar , Paramita Koley , Janardan Misra , Sanjay Podder , Niloy Ganguly , Saptarshi Ghosh

Language modeling studies the probability distributions over strings of texts. It is one of the most fundamental tasks in natural language processing (NLP). It has been widely used in text generation, speech recognition, machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Chengwei Wei , Yun-Cheng Wang , Bin Wang , C. -C. Jay Kuo

This work introduces an approach to assessing phrase break in ESL learners' speech with pre-trained language models (PLMs). Different with traditional methods, this proposal converts speech to token sequences, and then leverages the power…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Zhiyi Wang , Shaoguang Mao , Wenshan Wu , Yan Xia

Despite achieving state-of-the-art performance on many NLP tasks, the high energy cost and long inference delay prevent Transformer-based pretrained language models (PLMs) from seeing broader adoption including for edge and mobile…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Canwen Xu , Julian McAuley

In this work, we explore joint energy-based model (EBM) training during the finetuning of pretrained text encoders (e.g., Roberta) for natural language understanding (NLU) tasks. Our experiments show that EBM training can help the model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-22 Tianxing He , Bryan McCann , Caiming Xiong , Ehsan Hosseini-Asl

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently garnered significant attention, primarily for their capabilities in text-based interactions. However, natural human interaction often relies on speech, necessitating a shift towards voice-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Wenqian Cui , Dianzhi Yu , Xiaoqi Jiao , Ziqiao Meng , Guangyan Zhang , Qichao Wang , Yiwen Guo , Irwin King

Modern Protein Language Models (PLMs) apply transformer-based model architectures from natural language processing to biological sequences, predicting a variety of protein functions and properties. However, protein language has key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Anna Hart , Chi Han , Jeonghwan Kim , Huimin Zhao , Heng Ji

Energy load forecasting plays a crucial role in optimizing resource allocation and managing energy consumption in buildings and cities. In this paper, we propose a novel approach that leverages language models for energy load forecasting.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Hao Xue , Flora D. Salim

State-of-the-art neural language models (LMs) represented by Transformers are highly complex. Their use of fixed, deterministic parameter estimates fail to account for model uncertainty and lead to over-fitting and poor generalization when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Boyang Xue , Jianwei Yu , Junhao Xu , Shansong Liu , Shoukang Hu , Zi Ye , Mengzhe Geng , Xunying Liu , Helen Meng

Large pretrained models are showing increasingly better performance in reasoning and planning tasks across different modalities, opening the possibility to leverage them for complex sequential decision making problems. In this paper, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Martin Klissarov , Devon Hjelm , Alexander Toshev , Bogdan Mazoure

In this paper, we present a new comparative study on automatic essay scoring (AES). The current state-of-the-art natural language processing (NLP) neural network architectures are used in this work to achieve above human-level accuracy on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-23 Pedro Uria Rodriguez , Amir Jafari , Christopher M. Ormerod

The current trend to improve language model performance seems to be based on scaling up with the number of parameters (e.g. the state of the art GPT4 model has approximately 1.7 trillion parameters) or the amount of training data fed into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 João Gonçalves , Nick Jelicic , Michele Murgia , Evert Stamhuis

This paper presents Masked ELMo, a new RNN-based model for language model pre-training, evolved from the ELMo language model. Contrary to ELMo which only uses independent left-to-right and right-to-left contexts, Masked ELMo learns fully…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Gregory Senay , Emmanuelle Salin

Model-based planning holds great promise for improving both sample efficiency and generalization in reinforcement learning (RL). We show that energy-based models (EBMs) are a promising class of models to use for model-based planning. EBMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Yilun Du , Toru Lin , Igor Mordatch

The discrepancy between maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and task measures such as BLEU score has been studied before for autoregressive neural machine translation (NMT) and resulted in alternative training algorithms (Ranzato et al.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Sumanta Bhattacharyya , Amirmohammad Rooshenas , Subhajit Naskar , Simeng Sun , Mohit Iyyer , Andrew McCallum

This paper explores the integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems to improve transcription accuracy. The increasing sophistication of LLMs, with their in-context learning capabilities and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Zeping Min , Jinbo Wang

Large language models (LLM) have demonstrated the ability to understand human language by leveraging large amount of text data. Automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems are often limited by available transcribed speech data and benefit…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-26 Prashanth Gurunath Shivakumar , Jari Kolehmainen , Aditya Gourav , Yi Gu , Ankur Gandhe , Ariya Rastrow , Ivan Bulyko

The increasing deployment of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing (NLP) tasks raises concerns about energy efficiency and sustainability. While prior research has largely focused on energy consumption during model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Johannes Zschache , Tilman Hartwig