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As Large Language Models become integral to software development, with substantial portions of AI-suggested code entering production, understanding their internal correctness mechanisms becomes critical for safe deployment. We apply sparse…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Kriz Tahimic , Charibeth Cheng

Current approaches to program synthesis with Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit a "near miss syndrome": they tend to generate programs that semantically resemble the correct answer (as measured by text similarity metrics or human…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Vadim Liventsev , Anastasiia Grishina , Aki Härmä , Leon Moonen

Large language models (LLMs) are now ubiquitous in user-facing applications, yet they still generate undesirable toxic outputs, including profanity, vulgarity, and derogatory remarks. Although numerous detoxification methods exist, most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Agam Goyal , Vedant Rathi , William Yeh , Yian Wang , Yuen Chen , Hari Sundaram

A key goal in mechanistic interpretability is circuit analysis: finding sparse subgraphs of models corresponding to specific behaviors or capabilities. However, MLP sublayers make fine-grained circuit analysis on transformer-based language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Jacob Dunefsky , Philippe Chlenski , Neel Nanda

In this paper, we introduce a simple training-free technique to improve the performance of drafter-based speculative decoding (SpD) methods that incorporates language modeling head (LM head) during drafting process. A drafter-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Raghavv Goel , Sudhanshu Agrawal , Mukul Gagrani , Junyoung Park , Yifan Zao , He Zhang , Tian Liu , Yiping Yang , Xin Yuan , Jiuyan Lu , Chris Lott , Mingu Lee

LLM deployment on resource-constrained edge devices faces severe latency constraints, particularly in real-time applications where delayed responses can compromise safety or usability. Among many approaches to mitigate the inefficiencies of…

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance across diverse tasks but suffer from high inference latency due to their autoregressive generation. Speculative Decoding (SPD) mitigates this issue by verifying candidate tokens in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Jinze Li , Yixing Xu , Guanchen Li , Shuo Yang , Jinfeng Xu , Xuanwu Yin , Dong Li , Edith C. H. Ngai , Emad Barsoum

Multivariate time series forecasting requires models to simultaneously capture variable-wise structural dependencies and generalize across diverse tasks. While structural encoders are effective in modeling feature interactions, they lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Fengze Li , Yue Wang , Yangle Liu , Ming Huang , Dou Hong , Jieming Ma

Instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs) excel at many tasks but often fail to use external tools due to complicated and unfamiliar syntax constraints. While extensive fine-tuning and prompting can mitigate the issue, these approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Kexun Zhang , Hongqiao Chen , Lei Li , William Wang

Small Language Models (SLMs, or on-device LMs) have significantly fewer parameters than Large Language Models (LLMs). They are typically deployed on low-end devices, like mobile phones and single-board computers. Unlike LLMs, which rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Mingxue Xu , Yao Lei Xu , Danilo P. Mandic

Spatially-adaptive normalization (SPADE) is remarkably successful recently in conditional semantic image synthesis \cite{park2019semantic}, which modulates the normalized activation with spatially-varying transformations learned from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-06 Zhentao Tan , Dongdong Chen , Qi Chu , Menglei Chai , Jing Liao , Mingming He , Lu Yuan , Gang Hua , Nenghai Yu

Decoder-only transformers lead to a step-change in capability of large language models. However, opinions are mixed as to whether they are really planning or reasoning. A path to making progress in this direction is to study the model's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Andrew Cohen , Andrey Gromov , Kaiyu Yang , Yuandong Tian

Autoregressive next token prediction language models offer powerful capabilities but face significant challenges in practical deployment due to the high computational and memory costs of inference, particularly during the decoding stage. We…

To efficiently execute dynamically typed languages, many language implementations have adopted a two-tier architecture. The first tier aims for low-latency startup times and collects dynamic profiles, such as the dynamic types of variables.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Olivier Flückiger , Andreas Wälchli , Sebastián Krynski , Jan Vitek

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in automated code generation. While effective for mainstream languages, they may underperform on less common or domain-specific languages, prompting companies to develop…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Giuseppe Crupi , Rosalia Tufano , Gabriele Bavota

Machine learning has the potential to become an important tool in quantum error correction as it allows the decoder to adapt to the error distribution of a quantum chip. An additional motivation for using neural networks is the fact that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-18 Nikolas P. Breuckmann , Xiaotong Ni

Large language models (LLMs) underpin interactive multimedia applications such as captioning, retrieval, recommendation, and creative content generation, yet their autoregressive decoding incurs substantial latency. Speculative decoding…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Hanyu Wei , Zunhai Su , Peng Lu , Chao Li , Spandan Tiwari , Ashish Sirasao , Yuhan Dong

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a wide range of industrial applications, from search and recommendation systems to generative tasks. Although scaling laws indicate that larger models generally…

Adapting billion-parameter language models to a downstream task is still costly, even with parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT). We re-cast task adaptation as output-distribution alignment: the objective is to steer the output…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Senkang Hu , Xudong Han , Jinqi Jiang , Yihang Tao , Zihan Fang , Yong Dai , Sam Tak Wu Kwong , Yuguang Fang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to grow in size, storing and transmitting them on edge devices becomes increasingly challenging. Traditional methods like quantization and pruning struggle to achieve extreme compression of LLMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Ye Tian , Chengcheng Wang , Jing Han , Yehui Tang , Kai Han