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Transformer-based architectures have achieved remarkable success in natural language processing and computer vision. However, their performance in multivariate long-term forecasting often falls short compared to simpler linear baselines.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Dizhen Liang

Learning the distribution of a continuous or categorical response variable $\boldsymbol y$ given its covariates $\boldsymbol x$ is a fundamental problem in statistics and machine learning. Deep neural network-based supervised learning…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-12-07 Xizewen Han , Huangjie Zheng , Mingyuan Zhou

There has been an emergence of various models for long-term time series forecasting. Recent studies have demonstrated that a single linear layer, using Channel Dependent (CD) or Channel Independent (CI) modeling, can even outperform a large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Yuan Peiwen , Zhu Changsheng

While Transformers excel in language and vision-where inputs are semantically rich and exhibit univariate dependency structures-their architectural complexity leads to diminishing returns in time series forecasting. Time series data is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Yash Vijay , Harini Subramanyan

Channel identifiability (CID) refers to the ability to distinguish between individual channels in time series (TS) modeling. The absence of CID often results in producing identical outputs for identical inputs, disregarding channel-specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Seunghan Lee , Taeyoung Park , Kibok Lee

Despite the notable advancements in numerous Transformer-based models, the task of long multi-horizon time series forecasting remains a persistent challenge, especially towards explainability. Focusing on commonly used saliency maps in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Nghia Duong-Trung , Duc-Manh Nguyen , Danh Le-Phuoc

Large language model (LLM)-based multi-agent systems have shown strong capabilities in tasks such as code generation and collaborative reasoning. However, the effectiveness and robustness of these systems critically depend on their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Tongtong Wu , Yanming Li , Ziye Tang , Chen Jiang , Linhao Luo , Guilin Qi , Shirui Pan , Gholamreza Haffari

Due to the superior ability of global dependency, transformer and its variants have become the primary choice in Masked Time-series Modeling (MTM) towards time-series classification task. In this paper, we experimentally analyze that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Yudong Han , Haocong Wang , Yupeng Hu , Yongshun Gong , Xuemeng Song , Weili Guan

Recent advancements have underscored the impact of deep learning techniques on multivariate time series forecasting (MTSF). Generally, these techniques are bifurcated into two categories: Channel-independence and Channel-mixing approaches.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Shiyi Qi , Liangjian Wen , Yiduo Li , Yuanhang Yang , Zhe Li , Zhongwen Rao , Lujia Pan , Zenglin Xu

We propose an efficient design of Transformer-based models for multivariate time series forecasting and self-supervised representation learning. It is based on two key components: (i) segmentation of time series into subseries-level patches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Yuqi Nie , Nam H. Nguyen , Phanwadee Sinthong , Jayant Kalagnanam

Recently, significant advancements have been made in time-series forecasting research, with an increasing focus on analyzing the nature of time-series data, e.g, channel-independence (CI) and channel-dependence (CD), rather than solely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Wei Li , Xiangxu Meng , Chuhao Chen , Jianing Chen

Time series forecasting is crucial for decision-making across various domains, particularly in financial markets where stock prices exhibit complex and non-linear behaviors. Accurately predicting future price movements is challenging due to…

General Economics · Economics 2025-04-29 Tiantian Tu

Multivariate forecasting with Transformers faces a core scalability challenge: modeling cross-channel dependencies via attention compounds attention's quadratic sequence complexity with quadratic channel scaling, making full cross-channel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Willa Potosnak , Nina Żukowska , Michał Wiliński , Dan Howarth , Ignacy Stępka , Mononito Goswami , Artur Dubrawski

Transformer-based models have shown strong performance in time-series forecasting by leveraging self-attention to model long-range temporal dependencies. However, their effectiveness depends critically on the quality and structure of input…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Saurish Nagrath , Saroj Kumar Panigrahy

Time series forecasting methods generally fall into two main categories: Channel Independent (CI) and Channel Dependent (CD) strategies. While CI overlooks important covariate relationships, CD captures all dependencies without distinction,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Yifan Hu , Guibin Zhang , Peiyuan Liu , Disen Lan , Naiqi Li , Dawei Cheng , Tao Dai , Shu-Tao Xia , Shirui Pan

Time series forecasting is extensively applied across diverse domains. Transformer-based models demonstrate significant potential in modeling cross-time and cross-variable interaction. However, we notice that the cross-variable correlation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Ao Hu , Dongkai Wang , Yong Dai , Shiyi Qi , Liangjian Wen , Jun Wang , Zhi Chen , Xun Zhou , Zenglin Xu , Jiang Duan

Time-series forecasting plays an important role in many real-world scenarios, such as equipment life cycle forecasting, weather forecasting, and traffic flow forecasting. It can be observed from recent research that a variety of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Benhan Li , Shengdong Du , Tianrui Li , Jie Hu , Zhen Jia

Traffic flow forecasting is a crucial task in transportation management and planning. The main challenges for traffic flow forecasting are that (1) as the length of prediction time increases, the accuracy of prediction will decrease; (2)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-13 Jianli Xiao , Baichao Long

Transformer-based time series forecasting has recently gained strong interest due to the ability of transformers to model sequential data. Most of the state-of-the-art architectures exploit either temporal or inter-channel dependencies,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Davide Villaboni , Alberto Castellini , Ivan Luciano Danesi , Alessandro Farinelli

In multivariate time series forecasting, the Transformer architecture encounters two significant challenges: effectively mining features from historical sequences and avoiding overfitting during the learning of temporal dependencies. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Han Zhou , Yuntian Chen