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In particle physics, the demand for rapid and precise simulations is rising. The shift from traditional methods to machine learning-based approaches has led to significant advancements in simulating complex detector responses. CaloShowerGAN…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2024-08-12 Michele Faucci Giannelli , Rui Zhang

Precision physics at future colliders requires highly granular calorimeters to support the Particle Flow Approach for event reconstruction. This article presents a review of about 10 - 15 years of R\&D, mainly conducted within the CALICE…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2016-04-20 Felix Sefkow , Andy White , Kiyotomo Kawagoe , Roman Pöschl , José Repond

We present CaloClouds3, a model for the fast simulation of photon showers in the barrel of a high granularity detector. This iteration demonstrates for the first time how a pointcloud model can employ angular conditioning to replicate…

We study whether machine-learning models for fast calorimeter simulations can learn meaningful representations of calorimeter signatures that account for variations in the full particle detector's configuration. This may open new…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-08-29 Johannes Erdmann , Jonas Kann , Florian Mausolf , Peter Wissmann

Simulating showers of particles in highly-granular calorimeters is a key frontier in the application of machine learning to particle physics. Achieving high accuracy and speed with generative machine learning models can enable them to…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-02-02 Thorsten Buss , Frank Gaede , Gregor Kasieczka , Anatolii Korol , Katja Krüger , Peter McKeown , Martina Mozzanica

The pursuit of understanding fundamental particle interactions has reached unparalleled precision levels. Particle physics detectors play a crucial role in generating low-level object signatures that encode collision physics. However,…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2024-06-21 Farzana Yasmin Ahmad , Vanamala Venkataswamy , Geoffrey Fox

Calorimeter simulation is the most computationally expensive part of Monte Carlo generation of samples necessary for analysis of experimental data at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The High-Luminosity upgrade of the LHC would require an…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-10-17 Abhishek Abhishek , Eric Drechsler , Wojciech Fedorko , Bernd Stelzer

In this paper, we explore the potential of generative machine learning models as an alternative to the computationally expensive Monte Carlo (MC) simulations commonly used by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments. Our objective is to…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2023-11-21 Allison Xu , Shuo Han , Xiangyang Ju , Haichen Wang

Denoising diffusion models have gained prominence in various generative tasks, prompting their exploration for the generation of calorimeter responses. Given the computational challenges posed by detector simulations in high-energy physics…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2024-10-16 Dmitrii Kobylianskii , Nathalie Soybelman , Etienne Dreyer , Eilam Gross

Physics-based machine learning blends traditional science with modern data-driven techniques. Rather than relying exclusively on empirical data or predefined equations, this methodology embeds domain knowledge directly into the learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Emilia Majerz , Witold Dzwinel , Jacek Kitowski

Accurate particle shower simulation remains a critical computational bottleneck for high-energy physics. Traditional Monte Carlo methods, such as Geant4, are computationally prohibitive, while existing machine learning surrogates are tied…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-12-02 Frank Gaede , Gregor Kasieczka , Lorenzo Valente

In High Energy Physics experiments Particle Flow (PFlow) algorithms are designed to provide an optimal reconstruction of the nature and kinematic properties of the particles produced within the detector acceptance during collisions. At the…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2021-02-10 Francesco Armando Di Bello , Sanmay Ganguly , Eilam Gross , Marumi Kado , Michael Pitt , Lorenzo Santi , Jonathan Shlomi

The particle flow approach to calorimetry benefits from highly granular calorimeters and sophisticated software algorithms in order to reconstruct and identify individual particles in complex event topologies. The high spatial granularity,…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2017-10-26 Huong Lan Tran , Katja Krüger , Felix Sefkow , Steven Green , John Marshall , Mark Thomson , Frank Simon

Accurate simulation of physical processes is crucial for the success of modern particle physics. However, simulating the development and interaction of particle showers with calorimeter detectors is a time consuming process and drives the…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-05-28 Erik Buhmann , Sascha Diefenbacher , Engin Eren , Frank Gaede , Gregor Kasieczka , Anatolii Korol , Katja Krüger

This study introduces a hybrid fluid simulation approach that integrates generative diffusion models with physics-based simulations, aiming at reducing the computational costs of flow simulations while still honoring all the physical…

Collider experiments, such as those at the Large Hadron Collider, use the Geant4 toolkit to simulate particle-detector interactions with high accuracy. However, these experiments increasingly require larger amounts of simulated data,…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-09-10 Piyush Raikwar , Anna Zaborowska , Peter McKeown , Renato Cardoso , Mikolaj Piorczynski , Kyongmin Yeo

In high-energy physics, precise measurements rely on highly reliable detector simulations. Traditionally, these simulations involve incorporating experiment data to model detector responses and fine-tuning them. However, due to the…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2024-01-08 Wenxing Fang , Weidong Li , Xiaobin Ji , Shengsen Sun , Tong Chen , Fang Liu , Xiaoling Li , Kai Zhu , Tao Lin , Jinfa Qiu

Score-based generative models are a new class of generative algorithms that have been shown to produce realistic images even in high dimensional spaces, currently surpassing other state-of-the-art models for different benchmark categories…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2022-12-07 Vinicius Mikuni , Benjamin Nachman

Monte Carlo simulations are essential for physics analyses in high-energy physics, but their computational demands are continuously increasing. In LHCb, 90 % of computing resources are used for simulations, with the calorimeter simulation…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2025-11-05 Michał Mazurek

The speed and fidelity of detector simulations in particle physics pose compelling questions about LHC analysis and future colliders. The sparse high-dimensional data, combined with the required precision, provide a challenging task for…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-01-27 Luigi Favaro , Andrea Giammanco , Claudius Krause