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In the near-term noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era, high noise will significantly reduce the fidelity of quantum computing. Besides, the noise on quantum devices is not stable. This leads to a challenging problem: At run-time, is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-13 Zhirui Hu , Robert Wolle , Mingzhen Tian , Qiang Guan , Travis Humble , Weiwen Jiang

In order to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computation, we need to repeat the following sequence of four steps: First, perform 1 or 2 qubit quantum gates (in parallel if possible). Second, do a syndrome measurement on a subset of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-11 Harry Buhrman , Marten Folkertsma , Bruno Loff , Niels M. P. Neumann

Sensitivity to noise makes most of the current quantum computing schemes prone to error and nonscalable, allowing only for small proof-of-principle devices. Topologically-protected quantum computing aims at solving this problem by encoding…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2013-12-17 Helmut G. Katzgraber , Ruben S. Andrist

The preparation of a quantum state using a noisy quantum computer (gate noise strength $\delta$), will necessarily affect an O($\delta$)-fraction of the qubits, no matter which protocol is used. Here, we show that fault-tolerant quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Matthias Christandl , Omar Fawzi , Ashutosh Goswami

The performance of quantum processors in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era is severely constrained by environmental noise and other uncertainties. While the recently proposed quantum control robustness landscape (QCRL) offers…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-26 Yang He , Zigui Zhang , Zibo Miao

Quantum error correction codes in continuous variables (also called CV codes, or single-mode bosonic codes) have recently been identified to be a technologically viable option for building fault-tolerant quantum computers. The best-known…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-07 Allan D. C. Tosta , Thiago O. Maciel , Leandro Aolita

We consider measurement-based quantum computation that uses scalable continuous-variable cluster states with a one-dimensional topology. The physical resource, known here as the dual-rail quantum wire, can be generated using temporally…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-12-24 Rafael N. Alexander , Seiji C. Armstrong , Ryuji Ukai , Nicolas C. Menicucci

Quantum error correction has recently been shown to benefit greatly from specific physical encodings of the code qubits. In particular, several researchers have considered the individual code qubits being encoded with the continuous…

Quantum machine learning (QML) is an emerging field that promises advantages such as faster training, improved reliability and superior feature extraction over classical counterparts. However, its implementation on quantum hardware is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-19 Eromanga Adermann , Hajime Suzuki , Muhammad Usman

Fault-tolerant measurement-based quantum computing (MBQC) provides a compelling framework for fault-tolerant quantum computation, in which quantum information is processed through single-qubit measurements on a three-dimensional entangled…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Ahmed Adel Mahmoud , Gabrielle Tournaire , Sven Bachmann , Steven Rayan

The stabilization of a quantum computer by repeated error correction can be reduced almost entirely to repeated preparation of blocks of qubits in quantum codeword states. These are multi-particle entangled states with a high degree of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Andrew M. Steane

Two-way quantum computing (2WQC) represents a novel approach to quantum computing that introduces a CPT version of state preparation. This paper analyses the influence of this approach on Grover's algorithm and compares the behaviour of…

General Physics · Physics 2024-10-22 Grzegorz Czelusta , Dev Rishi Verma , Govind Wanjalkar

The analysis of noisy quantum states prepared on current quantum computers is getting beyond the capabilities of classical computing. Quantum neural networks based on parametrized quantum circuits, measurements and feed-forward can process…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-19 Petr Zapletal , Nathan A. McMahon , Michael J. Hartmann

Today ion traps are among the most promising physical systems for constructing a quantum device harnessing the computing power inherent in the laws of quantum physics. The standard circuit model of quantum computing requires a universal set…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-05-29 J. Benhelm , G. Kirchmair , C. F. Roos , R. Blatt

We experimentally demonstrated a sub-Mbps key rate Gaussian-modulated coherent-state continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) over 100 km transmission distance. To efficiently control the excess noise, the quantum signal and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-12 Yaodi Pi , Heng Wang , Yan Pan , Yun Shao , Yang Li , Jie Yang , Yichen Zhang , Wei Huang , Bingjie Xu

Continuous-variable quantum secret sharing (CVQSS) is a promising approach to ensuring multi-party information security. While CVQSS offers practical ease of implementation, its present performance remains limited. In this paper, we propose…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-14 Qin Liao , Chong Tang , Qingquan Peng , Chao Ding , Lingjin Zhu , Yijun Wang , Xiquan Fu

In a continuous-variable optical system, the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) qubit is a promising candidate for fault-tolerant quantum computation. To implement non-Clifford operations on GKP qubits, non-Gaussian operations are required. In…

We propose a sampling-based simulation for fault-tolerant quantum error correction under coherent noise. A mixture of incoherent and coherent noise, possibly due to over-rotation, is decomposed into Clifford channels with a quasiprobability…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-22 Shigeo Hakkaku , Kosuke Mitarai , Keisuke Fujii

Collective coherent noise poses challenges for fault-tolerant quantum error correction (FTQEC), as it falls outside the usual stochastic noise models. While constant excitation (CE) codes can naturally avoid coherent noise, a complete…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-15 Ching-Yi Lai , Pei-Hao Liou , Yingkai Ouyang

Variational quantum algorithms are tailored to perform within the constraints of current quantum devices, yet they are limited by performance-degrading errors. In this study, we consider a noise model that reflects realistic gate errors…