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Deep Learning (DL) models to analyze source code have shown immense promise during the past few years. More recently, self-supervised pre-training has gained traction for learning generic code representations valuable for many downstream SE…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Yangruibo Ding , Saikat Chakraborty , Luca Buratti , Saurabh Pujar , Alessandro Morari , Gail Kaiser , Baishakhi Ray

We present Code Comparison Tuning (CCT), a simple and effective tuning method for code large language models (Code LLMs) to better handle subtle code errors. Specifically, we integrate the concept of comparison into instruction tuning, both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Yufan Jiang , Qiaozhi He , Xiaomin Zhuang , Zhihua Wu

The reuse of code fragments by copying and pasting is widely practiced in software development and results in code clones. Cloning is considered an anti-pattern as it negatively affects program correctness and increases maintenance efforts.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-06-26 Hannes Thaller , Rudolf Ramler , Josef Pichler , Alexander Egyed

Multilingual programming, which involves using multiple programming languages (PLs) in a single project, is increasingly common due to its benefits. However, it introduces cross-language bugs (CLBs), which arise from interactions between…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Zengyang Li , Yimeng Li , Binbin Huang , Peng Liang , Ran Mo , Hui Liu , Yutao Ma

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in processing both natural and programming languages, which have enabled various applications in software engineering, such as requirement engineering, code generation, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Ziyu Li , Donghwan Shin

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in various software engineering tasks, including error detection, clone detection, and code translation, primarily leveraging high-resource programming languages like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Razan Baltaji , Saurabh Pujar , Louis Mandel , Martin Hirzel , Luca Buratti , Lav Varshney

Source code search plays an important role in software development, e.g. for exploratory development or opportunistic reuse of existing code from a code base. Often, exploration of different implementations with the same functionality is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Muhammad Hammad , Önder Babur , Hamid Abdul Basit , Mark van den Brand

Cross-language code clone detection (X-CCD) is challenging because semantically equivalent programs written in different languages often share little surface similarity. Although large language models (LLMs) have shown promise for semantic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Mohamad Khajezade , Fatemeh H. Fard , Mohamed Sami Shehata

The rapid evolution of programming languages and software systems has necessitated the implementation of multilingual and scalable clone detection tools. However, it is difficult to achieve the above requirements at the same time. Most…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Yuhang Ye , Yuekun Wang , Yinxing Xue , Yueming Wu , Yang Liu

Semantic code clone detection is the task of detecting whether two snippets of code implement the same functionality (e.g., Sort Array). Recently, many neural models achieved near-perfect performance on this task. These models seek to make…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Konstantinos Kitsios , Francesco Sovrano , Earl T. Barr , Alberto Bacchelli

Co-change candidates are the group of code fragments that require a change if any of these fragments experience a modification in a commit operation during software evolution. The cloned co-change candidates are a subset of the co-change…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Md Nadim , Manishankar Mondal , Chanchal K. Roy , Kevin Schneider

With the emergence of Machine Learning, there has been a surge in leveraging its capabilities for problem-solving across various domains. In the code clone realm, the identification of type-4 or semantic clones has emerged as a crucial yet…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Ajmain Inqiad Alam , Palash Ranjan Roy , Farouq Al-omari , Chanchal Kumar Roy , Banani Roy , Kevin Schneider

Assessing similarity in source code has gained significant attention in recent years due to its importance in software engineering tasks such as clone detection and code search and recommendation. This work presents a comparative analysis…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Jorge Martinez-Gil

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit significant disparities in performance across languages, primarily benefiting high-resource languages while marginalizing underrepresented ones. Continual Pretraining (CPT) has emerged as a promising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Zihao Li , Shaoxiong Ji , Hengyu Luo , Jörg Tiedemann

Evaluating the performance of Code Language Models (CLMs) for software engineering tasks, especially in multilingual and low-resource programming language settings, poses significant challenges. These challenges are primarily due to the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Rohit Dandamudi , Gema Rodríguez-Pérez

Pre-trained models for Natural Languages (NL) like BERT and GPT have been recently shown to transfer well to Programming Languages (PL) and largely benefit a broad set of code-related tasks. Despite their success, most current methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Yue Wang , Weishi Wang , Shafiq Joty , Steven C. H. Hoi

Measuring and evaluating source code similarity is a fundamental software engineering activity that embraces a broad range of applications, including but not limited to code recommendation, duplicate code, plagiarism, malware, and smell…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Morteza Zakeri-Nasrabadi , Saeed Parsa , Mohammad Ramezani , Chanchal Roy , Masoud Ekhtiarzadeh

Recent studies highlight various machine learning (ML)-based techniques for code clone detection, which can be integrated into developer tools such as static code analysis. With the advancements brought by ML in code understanding, ML-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Teeradaj Racharak , Chaiyong Ragkhitwetsagul , Chayanee Junplong , Akara Supratak

Machine learning (ML) models for code clone detection determine whether two pieces of code are semantically equivalent, which in turn is a key building block for software-engineering tasks like refactoring and security tasks like…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Ashish Hooda , Mihai Christodorescu , Chuangang Ren , Aaron Wilson , Kassem Fawaz , Somesh Jha

Testing is an integral part of the software development process. Yet, writing tests is time-consuming and therefore often neglected. Classical test generation tools such as EvoSuite generate behavioral test suites by optimizing for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Nikitha Rao , Kush Jain , Uri Alon , Claire Le Goues , Vincent J. Hellendoorn