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Injecting external knowledge can improve the performance of pre-trained language models (PLMs) on various downstream NLP tasks. However, massive retraining is required to deploy new knowledge injection methods or knowledge bases for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Zhengyan Zhang , Zhiyuan Zeng , Yankai Lin , Huadong Wang , Deming Ye , Chaojun Xiao , Xu Han , Zhiyuan Liu , Peng Li , Maosong Sun , Jie Zhou

Previous studies have revealed that vanilla pre-trained language models (PLMs) lack the capacity to handle knowledge-intensive NLP tasks alone; thus, several works have attempted to integrate external knowledge into PLMs. However, despite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Yunzhi Yao , Peng Wang , Shengyu Mao , Chuanqi Tan , Fei Huang , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang

While pre-trained language models (PLMs) have shown evidence of acquiring vast amounts of knowledge, it remains unclear how much of this parametric knowledge is actually usable in performing downstream tasks. We propose a systematic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Amirhossein Kazemnejad , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh , Prasanna Parthasarathi , Sarath Chandar

Large pre-trained language models (PLMs) have been shown to retain implicit knowledge within their parameters. To enhance this implicit knowledge, we propose Knowledge Injection into Language Models (KILM), a novel approach that injects…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Yan Xu , Mahdi Namazifar , Devamanyu Hazarika , Aishwarya Padmakumar , Yang Liu , Dilek Hakkani-Tür

Knowledge-Enhanced Pre-trained Language Models (KEPLMs) are pre-trained models with relation triples injecting from knowledge graphs to improve language understanding abilities. To guarantee effective knowledge injection, previous studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Taolin Zhang , Chengyu Wang , Nan Hu , Minghui Qiu , Chengguang Tang , Xiaofeng He , Jun Huang

Pre-trained language models learn informative word representations on a large-scale text corpus through self-supervised learning, which has achieved promising performance in fields of natural language processing (NLP) after fine-tuning.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Jian Yang , Xinyu Hu , Gang Xiao , Yulong Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong abilities in general language tasks, yet adapting them to specific domains remains a challenge. Current method like Domain Adaptive Pretraining (DAPT) requires costly full-parameter training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Jiaqi Cao , Jiarui Wang , Rubin Wei , Qipeng Guo , Kai Chen , Bowen Zhou , Zhouhan Lin

Knowledge-enhanced Pre-trained Language Model (PLM) has recently received significant attention, which aims to incorporate factual knowledge into PLMs. However, most existing methods modify the internal structures of fixed types of PLMs by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Jianing Wang , Wenkang Huang , Qiuhui Shi , Hongbin Wang , Minghui Qiu , Xiang Li , Ming Gao

While current large language models (LLMs) perform well on many knowledge-related tasks, they are limited by relying on their parameters as an implicit storage mechanism. As a result, they struggle with memorizing rare events and with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Ali Modarressi , Abdullatif Köksal , Ayyoob Imani , Mohsen Fayyaz , Hinrich Schütze

Large language models suffer from knowledge staleness and lack of interpretability due to implicit knowledge storage across entangled network parameters, preventing targeted updates and reasoning transparency. We propose ExplicitLM, a novel…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Chengzhang Yu , Zening Lu , Chenyang Zheng , Chiyue Wang , Yiming Zhang , Zhanpeng Jin

The emergence of Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) has achieved tremendous success in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) by learning universal representations on large corpora in a self-supervised manner. The pre-trained models…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Peng Liu , Lemei Zhang , Jon Atle Gulla

Language model pre-training has been shown to capture a surprising amount of world knowledge, crucial for NLP tasks such as question answering. However, this knowledge is stored implicitly in the parameters of a neural network, requiring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Kelvin Guu , Kenton Lee , Zora Tung , Panupong Pasupat , Ming-Wei Chang

Neural language models are black-boxes--both linguistic patterns and factual knowledge are distributed across billions of opaque parameters. This entangled encoding makes it difficult to reliably inspect, verify, or update specific facts.…

Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) which are trained on large text corpus via self-supervised learning method, have yielded promising performance on various tasks in Natural Language Processing (NLP). However, though PLMs with huge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Linmei Hu , Zeyi Liu , Ziwang Zhao , Lei Hou , Liqiang Nie , Juanzi Li

Recently, preference optimization methods such as DPO have significantly enhanced large language models (LLMs) in wide tasks including dialogue and question-answering. However, current methods fail to account for the varying difficulty…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Jingyuan Ma , Rui Li , Zheng Li , Lei Sha , Zhifang Sui

Generative pre-trained language models (GPLMs) like ChatGPT encode in the model's parameters knowledge the models observe during the pre-training phase. This knowledge is then used at inference to address the task specified by the user in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Guido Zuccon , Bevan Koopman

Despite significant advancements in large language models (LLMs), the rapid and frequent integration of small-scale experiences, such as interactions with surrounding objects, remains a substantial challenge. Two critical factors in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Yu Wang , Xinshuang Liu , Xiusi Chen , Sean O'Brien , Junda Wu , Julian McAuley

KEPLMs are pre-trained models that utilize external knowledge to enhance language understanding. Previous language models facilitated knowledge acquisition by incorporating knowledge-related pre-training tasks learned from relation triples…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Junbing Yan , Chengyu Wang , Taolin Zhang , Xiaofeng He , Jun Huang , Longtao Huang , Hui Xue , Wei Zhang

Product key memory (PKM) proposed by Lample et al. (2019) enables to improve prediction accuracy by increasing model capacity efficiently with insignificant computational overhead. However, their empirical application is only limited to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-09 Gyuwan Kim , Tae-Hwan Jung

Adapting general large language models (LLMs) to specialized domains presents great challenges due to varied data distributions. This adaptation typically requires continual pre-training on massive domain-specific corpora to facilitate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Jinhao Jiang , Junyi Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Yang Song , Tao Zhang , Ji-Rong Wen
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